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First Cavalry
CALIFORNIA
(3-YEARS)

First Cavalry. -- Cols., David Ferguson, Oscar M. Brown, 
Lieut.-Cols., Benjamin F. Davis, Edward E. Eyre, Oscar M. 
Brown, Clarence E. Bennett; Majs., Edward E. Eyre, David 
Fergusson, Clarence E. Bennett William McCleave, Thomas J. 
Blakeny, James Gorman, Emil Fritz.

Under the first call for troops from California the state was 
asked to furnish one regiment of infantry and five companies 
of cavalry to guard the overland mail route from Carson Valley 
to Salt Lake and Fort Laramie.  The five cavalry companies 
organized under this call became the 1st battalion of the 1st 
cavalry.

The men rendezvoused at a camp called Camp Merchant, near Lake 
Merritt, Oakland, and the companies were there mustered into 
the U. S. service for three years on various dates, between 
Aug. 15 and Oct 31, 1861.  Charles S. Thompson, who enlisted 
in Co. B at Folsom, Aug. 10, 1861, was the first man enlisted 
in the regiment.

Its first commanding officer was Lieut.-Col. Davis, serving as 
captain in the 1st U. S. cavalry at the time he was 
commissioned lieutenant-colonel.  He resigned as such Nov. 1, 
1861, and returned to duty in his old regiment.  During the 
year 1863 the battalion was made a full regiment of twelve 
companies and Maj. Fergusson was promoted to colonel.  The 
seven companies organized in 1863 were mustered in between May 
16 and Dec. 31 for three years.

As soon as the first battalion was organized it was sent to 
the southern part of the state, three companies being 
stationed at Camp Latham, near Los Angeles, and two at Camp 
Carleton, near San Bernardino.  The battalion remained in the 
southern part of the state until the spring of 1862, when it 
became part of the "California column," and formed the advance 
of Carleton's expedition to New Mexico and Texas.

A detachment of the regiment was engaged with some of Baylor's 
Texan Rangers, under Capt. Hunter, at Picacho pass, April 15, 
1862, losing 2 killed and 1 wounded, Lieut. Barrett being one 
of the 2 killed.  On May 24, 1862 Lieut.-Col. Eyre, commanding 
the battalion, was ordered to reoccupy old Fort Breckenridge, 
near the confluence of the Gila and San Pedro rivers, the name 
of which was changed to Fort Stanford, in honor of the 
governor of California.

Says the official report of Gen. Carleton:
"The energy enterprise and resources of Col. Eyre' as 
exhibited in his rapid march from Tucson to the Rio Grande, 
his crossing of that river, and his unlooked-for presence 
directly upon the heels of the retreating rebels, cannot be 
too highly appreciated.  He exhibited some of the finest 
qualities of a soldier, and had he not been fettered by orders 
from higher authority than himself, he would without doubt 
have achieved advantages over the enemy creditable to himself 
and to the column from California.

But for his timely arrival upon the Rio Grande, Las Cruces and 
Mesilla would both have been laid in ashes by the enemy. 
Hampered as he was by orders, he nevertheless managed to hoist 
the stars and stripes upon Fort Thorn, Fort Fillmore, Mesilla 
and Fort Bliss, in Texas."

In Aug., 1862, Capt. Shirland, Co. C, proceeded still farther 
into Texas and hoisted the national colors over Fort Davis, 
participating in a severe skirmish with Indians on the 30th, 
near Dead Man's hole, on his return to the Rio Grande.  In 
Oct., 1862, Cos. A and D cooperated in an expedition to Dog 
canon, N. M., against the Mescalero Apache Indians, the 
expedition being under the command of Col. Kit Carson, of the 
1st N. M. cavalry.  The Apaches were completely subdued, and 
400 of them were taken prisoners.

During practically the whole of their term of service the 
various companies of the regiment were stationed at different 
posts in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, engaged in scouting, 
patrol and picket duty.  They were repeatedly engaged with the 
hostile Apaches and other Indians, sustaining numerous losses, 
and marching thousands of miles through the mountains and 
deserts.  In Jan. 1863, Capt. Shirland, Co. C, captured Mangus 
Colorado, an Apache chief, and brought him prisoner into Fort 
McLean.

In March of the same year, a detachment, under Maj. McCleave, 
went in pursuit of a band of Gila Apaches, who had succeeded 
in running off some 60 horses of the public herd at Fort West, 
N. M.  The Indians were completely routed with a loss of 28, 
and most of the horses were recaptured, together with many 
Indian horses.  The loss of the troops was only 1 killed and 2 
or 3 wounded.

In April, 1864, a detachment under Capt. French surprised and 
routed a party of the enemy at Spencer's ranch, opposite 
Presidio del Norte, and marched 499 miles to San Elizario, 
Tex., in 20 days without losing a man.  In April of the same 
year, another detachment, under Capt. Whitlock, consisting of 
about 60 men, attacked 250 Indians near Mount Grey, Ariz., and 
after a sharp fight of an hour's duration, routed the enemy, 
killing 21, and wounding a large number.

In Nov., 1864, Cos. B. K and M formed part of an expedition 
under command of Col. Kit Carson, sent against the Kiowa and 
Comanche Indians, and participated in the battle near the old 
adobe fort on the Canadian River in northern Texas.  The 
engagement, which lasted all day, resulted in the destruction 
of the Kiowa village of 150 lodges and the rout of the Indians 
with a loss of 60 killed and wounded.  The loss of the 1st 
cavalry was 2 killed and 7 wounded.

In May, 1865, Co. F was attached to an expedition under Col. 
Carson, which proceeded to the Comanche country and built a 
stone fort, known as Fort Nichols, at Cedar bluffs, Ind. Ter.  
The following month, while Co. F was escorting a train from 
Fort Nichols to Fort Lamed, Kas., it repulsed an attack by 
about 50 Comanche warriors sustaining no loss, but killing or 
wounding several of the Indians.  The company continued to 
perform escort duty on this station until Oct., 1865.

Other Indian fights in which portions of the regiment were 
engaged were, with a band of Navajoes, near Sacramento 
mountains, N. M.; near San Andreas pass, near White Mountains 
La Monica Springs.  A detachment of Co. M formed part of an 
expedition under Col. Willis, which proceeded from Fort 
Selden, N. M., to the town of Janos, Mex., where a band of 
Apaches had taken possession of the town.

In 1864 the original members of the regiment, except veterans 
reenlisted, were mustered out at Las Cruces and Fort Union, N. 
M.  New companies, A, C and E, composed of veterans and 
recruits, were formed to take the places of the compares of 
the corresponding designations. Co. B was entirely reorganized 
from reenlisted veterans and recruits.

Co. E was mustered out March 6, 1866; A and I, May 22, 1866; 
L, June, 1866; the remaining companies, B, C, F, G, H, K and 
M, then stationed in New Mexico and Texas, were ordered to 
assemble at Baird's ranch, near Albuquerque, for the purpose 
of being mustered out during Sept., 1866.

Co. M was mustered out on the 30th, and was the last company 
organization of California volunteers in the U. S. service, 
but was not the last of the California volunteers to be 
mustered out, as those who wished to be returned to the state 
were consolidated into two companies, one of cavalry and one 
of infantry, the former under the command of Capt. Thomas A. 
Stombs.  This column arrived in San Francisco Dec. 28, 1866, 
where all were mustered out at the Presidio Dec. 31, except 
Capt. R. H. Orton, of Co. M, who was mustered out Jan. 4, 1867 
-- the last of the California volunteers.

Source:  The Union Army, vol. 4, p. 414

*********************************************************************************


  Reports of Lieut. Col. Edward E. Eyre, First California Cavalry.

  HDQRS. FORT BARRETT,
  Pima Villages, Ariz., Ter., May 14, 1862.
  MAJ.: I have the honor to inform you of the death of Second
  Lieut. James Barrett, late of the First Cavalry California
  Volunteers, who was shot in a skirmish with a rebel picket at Picacho
  Pass, Ariz. Ter. (about thirty miles from Tucson), on the 15th of April,
  1862. The only relative of the deceased is Mrs. Ellen Brady, who, when
  last heard from by deceased, four years ago, resided in Albany, N. Y.

  I am, major, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  E. E. EYRE,
  Lieut.-Col. First Cavalry California Volunteers.

  Maj. R. C. DRUM,
  Asst. Adjt. Gen., Dept. of the Pacific, San Francisco, Cal.

  -----

  HDQRS. FIRST CALIFORNIA VOLUNTEERS CAVALRY,
  Fort Thorn, Ariz., July 6, 1862.
  LIEUT.: In compliance with orders received from the colonel
  commanding, dated June 17, 1862, I have the honor to make the
  following report:

  June 21, left Tucson at 3 a. m. with Capt. Fritz, Lieut.'s Haden
  and Baldwin, First California Volunteer Cavalry, and 140 men;
  marched thirty-five miles to Cienega de los Pinos, and encamped at
  12.30 p. m.; water and grazing abundant. The road to-day is very good,
  with the exception of two or three hills. At a distance of about
  twenty-eight miles the road descends into the Cienega, then seven miles
  to water near the burned station, which stood on the hill to the right of
  the road. Course, southeast; thirty-five miles. June 22, left Cienega at
  6 a. m.; marched over a high, rolling country, but good wagon road,
  and splendid grazing all the way for a distance of about twenty-two
  miles, when the road descends through a canon for one miles, and then
  opens on the San Pedro Valley. Two miles farther the river is reached
  at the Overland Mail Station; strong bridge over the river; water and
  grass abundant; wood very scarce. Course, northwest; twenty-five
  miles. There found the name of Jones, the expressman. June 23, left
  camp at crossing of the San Pedro at 7.30 a. m. The road at once
  leaves the river and enters a valley about one mile wide and four miles
  long, when it terminates at the foot of the mesa, which is gained through
  a narrow canon in which is a long but not very steep hill. The canon is
  about one miles and a half, when the top of the mesa is reached; then
  about fourteen miles to Overland Mail Station at Dragoon Spring, at
  which place we arrived at 12.30 p. m. and encamped; found water
  sufficient, by digging, up the canon two miles, the trail to which is
  difficult in some places to lead animals over. Course, northeast;
  nineteen miles and a half. June 24, left Dragoon Spring at 10.30 a. m.;
  was detained in consequence of scarcity of water. Marched twenty-five
  miles over an excellent road to Ewell's Station, arriving there at 5.30
  p. m.; sent Capt. Fritz and six men with spades to examine the spring
  in the mountain north of station. He had returned to station by the time
  the command arrived and reported only enough water for the men.
  Encamped at 6 p. m. Course, northeast; twenty-five miles. June 25, left
  Ewell's Station at 1 a. m.,; marched fifteen miles over a very hilly and
  in places a very rocky road to station in Apache Pass, and encamped at
  6 a. m.; water scarce; no grass. Course, northeast; fifteen miles.

  About 12 m.--I being engaged at the spring superintending the watering
  of animals, it being necessary to dip it with tin cups--four shots were
  heard in the vicinity of where the horses that had been watered were
  being grazed under a strong guard. Immediately thereafter it was
  reported that Indians were in sight and that the guard had fired to give
  the alarm. Almost immediately thereafter it was reported to me that the
  Indians were waving a white flag. I at once started for them, taking with
  me a white flag, and Mr. Newcomb as interpreter. At the end of about
  one hour I succeeded in getting sufficiently near one of them to be
  understood. I explained to him what I desired and asked for the chief.
  At this time at least 75 to 100 Indians were in sight, many of them
  mounted on good-looking horses and all of them armed with file-arms,
  some with rifles and six-shooting pistols. Of the latter I observed a great
  number and occasionally single-barreled shotguns. When the chief came
  forward I told him we were Americans, and that our Great Capt. lived
  at Washington; that we wished to be friends of the Apaches; that at
  present I was only traveling through their country, and desired he would
  not interfere with my men or animals; that a great captain was at Tucson
  with a large number of soldier; peace with them and make them
  presents. He professed a great desire to be friendly with the Americans,
  and assured me that neither my men nor animals should be molested. He
  asked for tobacco and something to eat. I gave him all that could
  possibly be spared and we parted,
  with a request on his part that I would meet him at the same place at
  sunset. On my return it was reported to me that three of the men were
  missing. A party of thirty were at once sent out in the vicinity of where
  the firing was heard, and after an hour's search the bodies of the
  missing men were found stripped of all their clothing and two of them
  scalped. Each was shot through the chest with fire-arms and lanced
  through the neck. They were victims to their own imprudence, the entire
  command having been repeatedly warned by me not to wander from
  camp. It appears they had started, leading their horses from the spring
  where the watering was being done, over the ridge into another gulch,
  when they came on the Indians and were murdered. The Indians
  succeeded in getting one horse. When the bodies of our murdered men
  were found instant pursuit of the Indians was made, some of whom were
  seen on a hill half a mile distant; but being unable to come up with them
  a return to camp was ordered, carrying in the dead bodies, which were
  buried, the entire command being present. The animals now being all
  watered, or as much as could be obtained for them, and there being very
  little grass in the pass, at 6 p. m. left camp; marched out and made a
  dry camp on the plain two miles beyond the canon. Course, east by
  northeast; four miles.

  At 11 p. m. a volley of six or eight shots was fired into camp,
  wounding Acting Assistant Surgeon Kittridge in the head and killing one
  horse at the picket-lines. June 26, left Dry Camp, No. 1, at 6.30
  a. m.; marched fifteen miles over an excellent road to San Simon
  Station, then turned square to the right and marched thirteen miles up
  the dry bed of the river to a large cienega and encamped at 2 p. m.
  Course, east, northeast, and southeast; twenty-eight miles. This is a
  splendid camping place--water and grass in the greatest abundance. The
  proper road to the cienega turns to the right from the stage road about six
  miles from Apache Pass and around the point of the mountain. It comes
  on the San Simon one miles below the water. At 12, midnight, camps
  was alarmed by a shot fired by one of the guard. On examination it was
  found to be a coyote, which he mistook in the dark for an Indian
  crawling through the scattered bushes, but which he instantly killed.
  This was a very hard day's march on men and animals, being obliged
  to leave Dry Camp without breakfast owing to the scarcity of water,
  having but eight five-gallon kegs in which to carry water for the men,
  and not being able to get at the pass as much water as the animals
  required. June 27, laid over. June 28, left camp at Cienega of San
  Simon at 4 p. m.; marched five miles north-northeast to the pass in the
  mountains; road heavy. On arriving at the pass, found the road through
  it very good and the pass wide. Marched fifteen miles from San Simon,
  and made Dry Camp, No. 2, at 10.15 p. m. Course,
  north-northeast; fifteen miles. June 29, left Dry Camp at 4 a. m.;
  marched nine miles to Lightendorffer's Well, in Round Mountain
  Canon; good road; well on right of and close to the road. It is about
  eight feet square and seven feet deep; rock bottom. Halted at well one
  hour and obtained a very limited supply of water for my command. This
  is a tolerably good camping place for three companies of infantry. By
  care they could obtain sufficient water, which is good. Left
  Lightendorfer's Well at 8 a. m.; marched twenty-two miles to
  Densmore's Station (Soldier's Farewell) and halted at 5 p. m.
  Discovered here a small spring about two or three miles up the arroyo,
  north of station, and a hole of bad water 800 yards south of station. Left
  Densmore's Station at 8 p. m.; marched fourteen miles to Cow Springs,
  and encamped at 12, midnight; water and grazing abundant. The road
  from the Cienega of San Simon
  to this place is good for loaded teams, excepting four or five miles to
  the pass. Course, northeast; forty-six miles.

  Soon after leaving Densmore's Station found two men on the side of the
  road under rather suspicious circumstances; took three letters from
  them, one directed to the commander of Federal forces at Tucson or en
  route; put the men in charge of guard and brought them back. (Letters
  herewith inclosed, marked Nos. 1, 2, and 3.* ) There discovered nine
  men encamped, who proved to be a party sent by Col. Chivington,
  commanding Southern Military District of New Mexico, at Fort Craig,
  with a letter to Col. Carleton, with verbal orders to deliver it to the
  commander of the advance of his column when met with, and return
  to Fort Craig. Read the communication, and returned Mr. Milligan and
  one of his party with the answer to Fort Craig at 3 p. m. on the 30th
  instant, at which place he would arrived on the evening of the 2d
  proximo. Letter of Col. Chivington and my answer thereto herewith
  inclosed.* From Mr. Milligan I learned of the capture of Jones, the
  expressman, by the secessionists at the Picacho, near Mesilla, his two
  companions having been killed by Indians at Apache Pass and himself
  chased by them for a great many miles. This information was brought to
  Fort Craig by a friendly Mexican, who was present at the capture of
  Jones. June 30, laid over.

  July 1. This morning a number of men were discovered by the lookout
  approaching from the direction of the Pino Alto gold mines; sent out a
  party and brought them into camp. They proved to be a party of thirty
  Mexican miners, returning to Sonora in consequence of the almost total
  absence of provisions at the mines; allowed them to proceed on their
  journey. Left Cow Springs at 8 a. m.; arrived at the Rio Miembres at
  1 p. m. and encamped two miles above station; water and grazing
  abundant and of the best quality; road good. Course, northeast; sixteen
  miles. July 2, laid over. At 1 o'clock this morning one of the pickets
  discovered persons approaching camp. They were arrested and brought
  in--twelve men and two women, one a German, the others Mexicans.
  They also were from the mines en route for Mesiall. Ordered them
  confined, in order to secure the secrecy of my movements. At 9 a. m.
  sent out party of twenty men to examine Cooke's Canon, with orders to
  arrest, if possible, all persons they may meet with, and remain at
  Cooke's Spring until the command came up. July 3, left Miembres
  River at 6.30 a. m.; marched twelve miles over a good road to Cooke's
  Pass. From here to summit road hilly. A long, rocky, but not very
  steep, hill brings you to the to of the pass; from there the descent to the
  spring is good; distance from pass to spring six miles. Course,
  north-northeast and northeast; eighteen miles. There came up with the
  party sent in advance yesterday; they reported no person in sight and no
  fresh traces. July 4, left Cooke's Spring at 6.30 a. m.; took Fort Thorn
  road, which keeps a north-northeast course, while the Mesilla road turns
  to the right immediately at the springs and bears east-northeast, passing
  the Overland Mail Station, which is seen on the hill about half a mile
  distance. Marched thirteen miles to Mule Spring; good road. Here no
  water could be found even by digging, having sent a party in advance
  with spades for that purpose. Left Mule Spring at 12 m.; marched
  twenty-two miles to the Rio Grande, and encamped at 7 p. m. near Fort
  Thorn. Course, north-northeast and northeast; thirty-five miles. The road
  for about eight miles after leaving Mule Spring is very good, when it
  enters a rolling country, the hills becoming more and more abrupt for
  a distance of about six miles, when
  it descends into a broad canon, which is followed on a good road to the
  river. Immediately on making camp the national colors were raised amid
  the loud and continued cheers of the assembled command. This was the
  first time the Stars and Stripes floated on the Rio Grande below Fort
  Craig since the occupation of the country by the Confederate troops, and
  it being the anniversary of our National Independence, was not
  calculated to dampen the ardor of the command. We are now within
  thirty-five miles of the enemy, which the prisoners whom I have taken
  variously estimate from 200 to 800 strong. As soon as the horses have
  a little recruited (they being considerably reduced on a march of about
  300 miles through a broiling sun and over a country utterly destitute of
  water for distances ranging from thirty-five to sixty miles) will
  reconnoiter his position and endeavor to ascertain his strength, which I
  have but little doubt of accomplishing, and in case he does not greatly
  outnumber me will give him a fight. July 5, moved tree miles down the
  river to and reoccupied Fort Thorn; three miles.

  I am, lieutenant, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  E. E. EYRE,
  Lieut. Col., First California Volunteer Cavalry, Cmdg.

  Lieut. BENJAMIN C. CUTLER,
  Actg. Asst. Adjt. Gen., Column from California, Tucson, Ariz.

  -----

  HDQRS. FIRST CALIFORNIA VOLUNTEER CAVALRY,
  Fort Thorn, Ariz., July 8, 1862.
  LIEUT.: I have the honor to report the reoccupation of Fort
  Thorn by the squadron of First California Volunteer Cavalry, under my
  command, on the evening of the 5th instant. Immediately thereafter the
  national colors were run up and the old flag once more floated over the
  garrison. On the morning of the 6th instant an express arrived from Fort
  Craig, with a communication from Col. Chivington, First Colorado
  Volunteers, commanding Southern military District of New Mexico, a
  copy of which is herewith inclosed.* He also sent a communication
  addressed to Col. Steele, C. S. Army, empowering me to negotiate
  an exchange for Capt. McCleave and the men who were made
  prisoners with him. Soon after the express from Col. Chivington
  arrived a party of men were seen approaching from the direction of
  Mesilla. One of them proved to the Capt. McCleave, on his way to
  Fort Craig, bringing with him a proposition from Col. Steele for an
  exchange for Capt. Gardner, C. S. Army. Having learned from the
  expressman just arrived that Capt. Gardner died a few days since, I
  at once sent Capt. Fritz, First California Volunteer Cavalry, to Fort
  Fillmore, with a request to Col. Steele to name any other captain
  Gen. Canby had made prisoner in exchange for Capt. McCleave;
  also proposing an exchange for the men taken with him, as well as an
  exchange for our expressman (Jones) and a Mr. John Lemon, of
  Mesilla, who was extremely kind to Capt. McLemon, of Mesilla, who
  was extremely kind to Capt. McCleave during his confinement, and
  who had horses ready saddled and hid out for Jones' escape. He was
  ordered to be hung, and was taken to a tree for that purpose, but after
  hanging a Mr. Marshall, who was taken out with him, his execution was
  postponed. Capt. Fritz will probably be back to-night, when I will at
  once send Capt. McCleave with a party of twenty-five men through
  to Tucson. It is not safe for a less number to travel that road on account
  of the Indians, and even then with the utmost caution.

  If it is the desire of the colonel commanding to keep open
  communication between Tucson and the Rio Grande I would respectfully
  recommend that a company of infantry be stationed at Dragoon Spring
  and two companies at the Apache Pass. That corps would be far more
  effective against than cavalry; besides, horses could not be kept in flesh
  on the dry grass alone; they would be utterly useless in two weeks'
  riding. At this season of the year sufficient water and of a good quality
  can be obtained for two companies of infantry at the foot of the
  mountain, four miles north of Ewell's Station. The spring is prominently
  marked by a large, white spot on the mountain, which is directly over
  the water. The Rio Grande has been unusually high this summer, almost
  the entire bottom between Fort Craig and Mesilla being still overflowed.
  It is impossible at this time to approach Mesilla being still overflowed.
  It is impossible at this time to approach Mesilla on the west side of the
  river, a new channel having been washed out on that side of the town,
  through which the largest portion of the water flows; besides, the bottom
  for a long distance is overflowed, and, the soil being of a loose nature,
  animals mire down in attempting to get through it. This morning I sent
  Capt. McCleave with a small party to examine the Sane Diego
  Crossing, eighteen miles below here, to ascertain if the river can be
  forded at that point. The moment a crossing can be effected Forts
  Fillmore and Bliss. When that is done that portion of the proclamation
  of the colonel commanding will not only have been carried out, but the
  sacred soil of Texas will have been invaded. Capt. McCleave reports
  Col. Steele with the rear of Sibley's brigade making hurried
  exertions to get away from Texas. He is pressing every team, both mule
  and oxen, he can find into service, compelling the owners (generally
  Mexicans) to take Confederate scrip in payment therefor. The same
  mode is resorted to by him in regard to provisions. Capt. Howland,
  Third U. S. Cavalry, in advance of his squadron, has just arrived; his
  command (100 men) will probably be here this evening. His horses are
  in shocking condition. Should we come up with Col. Steele and a
  mounted charge be made, it must be done by the squadron of my
  regiment. One the capture of Jones greatly increased exertions were
  made by Col. Steele to get away. Mesilla was evacuated, and captain
  McCleave, who was at the time on parole to the limits of the town,
  immediately confined under a strong guard. Mr. White, of the Pima
  Villages, has been released, and will probably be here with return of
  Capt. Fritz.

  The horses are out grazing (under a strong guard) from daybreak until
  dark, the tied up to the picket-line, with as much grass as they can at
  during the night. They are doing very well, but have not yet recovered
  from the effects of the very distressing march from Tucson here.
  Capt. McCleave has just returned, and reports the road down the river
  almost impassable for loaded wagons and the river swimming at the
  crossing. July 9 [7?], sent Capt. McCleave, with an escort and two
  wagons, to Fort Craig for supplies. The squadron of Third U. S. Cavalry
  (100 strong) arrived and gone into quarters at this post. Capt. Fritz
  returned this evening, having effected an exchange for Capt.
  McCleave and the others named in my communication to Col. Steele,
  a copy* of which is herewith inclosed. Two lieutenants were given in
  exchange for Capt. McCleave, as Col. Steele affected to know of
  no captain of theirs for that purpose, although there are a
  number. His real object was to exchange for officers of his own
  regiment only. About 6 o'clock this evening an express arrived from
  Capt. McCleave, informing me of an attack on his party, as they were
  moving up the river, by the Navajoes, sixty or seventy strong; that he
  has made camp, but was being surrounded by them. I immediately sent
  Capt. Howland, with Lieut. Baldwin and forty men, to his relief.
  I forward herewith, for the information of the colonel commanding, all
  communications* received or written by me since my arrival on the Rio
  Grande.

  I am, lieutenant, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  E. E. EYRE,
  Lieut.-Col. First California Volunteer Cavalry, Cmdg.

  Lieut. BENJAMIN C. CUTLER,
  Actg. Asst. Adjt. Gen., Column from California, Tucson, Ariz.

  -----

  HDQRS. FIRST CALIFORNIA VOLUNTEER CAVALRY,
  Fort Thorn, Ariz., July 14, 1862.
  LIEUT.: I have the honor to report the arrival here on yesterday
  of another express from Gen. Canby, the second one alluded to in
  Col. Chivington's communication of the 7th instant.

       *     *     *     *     *     *     *

  I leave here to-morrow morning with my command for Mesilla. On
  examination found the road from here to Rough and Ready Station
  impracticable, and have determined to make a road to the San Diego
  Crossing, and then pass the river on a raft, which I am now having
  made for that purpose, and which will be floated down to the crossing.
  The road on the east side of the river from San Diego to Mesilla is
  good. It is my determination, unless otherwise ordered, to hoist the
  national colors over Mesilla and Forts Fillmore and Bliss before the end
  of the present month.

       *     *     *     *     *     *     *

  I neglected in my report of the march to this place to give the names of
  the men killed by the Indians at Apache Pass. Their names are Privates
  James F. Keith, Peter Maloney, and Albert Schmidt, of Company B,
  First California Volunteer Cavalry.

  I am, lieutenant, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  E. E. EYRE,
  Lieut.-Col. First California Volunteer Cavalry, Cmdg.

  Lieut. BENJAMIN C. CUTLER,
  Actg. Asst. Adjt. Gen., Column from California, Tucson, Ariz.

  HDQRS. FIRST CALIFORNIA VOLUNTEER CAVALRY,
  Las Cruses, Ariz., August 30, 1862.

  -----

  LIEUT.: In compliance with verbal orders received from the
  general commanding the column, I have the honor to report that
  immediately after my arrival on the Rio Grande, July 4, I sent a
  scouting party down the river as far as the San Diego Crossing, for the
  double purpose of ascertaining of the enemy had pickets within that
  distance of my camp, and also whether the high stage of water in the
  river rendered it impracticable to move my command that far for the
  purpose of crossing, it being my intention to follow and, if possible,
  overtake the
  retreating Texas under Col. Steele. On their return they reported it
  impracticable to get to the crossing with wagons, but that the river was
  falling fast, and that in a short time--say one week--I would be able to
  accomplish my purpose of moving on Fort Fillmore, where a portion of
  the Texans were then quartered. I therefore determine to remain at Fort
  Thorn for a short time longer, to recruit the men and animals and to
  receive re-enforcements from Fort Craig, which I had asked for from
  Cow Springs, having sent an express from that point on June 28. On the
  8th ultimo Capt. Howland, Third U. S. Cavalry, with 100 men,
  arrived at Fort Thorn and reported to me for duty. I was now still more
  anxious to pursue the enemy, being disheartened troops, although they
  outnumbered me more that two to one. On the morning of the 10th
  ultimo I received a communication from Col. Chivington,
  commanding Southern Military District of New Mexico, of which the
  following is an extract:

  You will do all you can to learn the enemy's strength, position, and
  purpose, but Gen. Canby does not design an advance from where you
  are until he can go in force. I am under orders to advance to Santa
  Barbara or thereabouts with sixteen companies of infantry and a battery
  of four 6-pounder guns and two 24-pounder howitzers and an additional
  cavalry force, to support the advance of Gen. Carleton and to
  co-operate with the forces under him in the reoccupation of the valley of
  Mesilla.

  Although this was not a positive order to remain where I was, yet it
  intimated too clearly the desire of the district commander to lead the
  advance on Mesilla and Fort Fillmore, that I felt exceedingly
  embarrassed as to whether I would be authorized in leaving Fort Thorn
  until the arrival there of Col. Chivington; but on consultation with
  Capt.'s Howland, Tilford, and Fritz I determined, unless more
  positively ordered, to remain, and to move down to the San Diego
  Crossing as soon as the water would permit. Accordingly, on the 13th
  ultimo, I sent Wagon-Master Black, with a party, to the crossing, to
  ascertain if it was yet practicable to get the train of thirteen wagons to
  that point. On his return the same day he reported favorably, and on the
  15th ultimo I left with my command and arrived at the crossing on the
  16th ultimo, a distance of eighteen miles. On the 17th ultimo I had
  succeeded in crossing successfully my command in a small boat, which
  I caused to be made for that purpose before leaving Fort Thorn. On the
  19th ultimo I received from Lieut. F. Van Vliet, acting assistant
  adjutant-general, the following communication:

  I am instructed by the colonel commanding the district to inform you that
  your troops will not cross the river until further orders.

  This was from Col. Howe's acting assistant adjutant-general, he then
  being in command of the Southern Military District of New Mexico; but
  having crossed the river before its receipt, and having received supplies
  from Fort Craig, I determined to push on to Robledo or Dona Ana and
  there await his further orders, and so wrote him. But on my arrival at
  the latter place I found neither forage nor grazing for the animals, and
  pushed on to Las Cruses, where quarters were found for the command
  arrival Las Cruses I at once made inquiry as to the whereabouts of the
  Texans, and learned from reliable authority that a portion of them were
  yet at Franklin, Tex.; that they were collecting at the point a large
  amount of Government property which has been by them secreted at
  different places on their march up the river, and that they designed
  selling it to a citizen of El Paso, Tex. This property I could undoubtedly
  have taken, and in all probability have captured
  the Texans then at Franklin, had I at once pushed on to that point; but
  the strong intimation not to leave Fort Thorn which I received from
  Col. Chivington, and the positive order not to cross the river which
  I received from Col. Howe, and my letter to him that I would await
  his further orders at Las Cruses, compelled me to remain at the latter
  place. Indeed, by moving farther down the river I would have run
  counter to the expressed wishes of the district commanders of the
  Southern Military District of New Mexico, if not against their positive
  orders. On the 28th ultimo I received a positive order from Col.
  Howe not to leave Las Cruses until further orders. Subsequently, while
  accompanying the general commanding on his march to Fort Quitman,
  I learned that Col. Steele greatly feared he would be overtaken by
  the California troops, and in his hurried retreat burned a number of his
  wagons and destroyed a large amount of ammunition. I also learned that
  so much were his men disheartened and so thoroughly disorganized, that
  had they been attacked by even a small force they would have at once
  surrendered. Certain it is an opportunity would have been given them
  to do so had it not been for the orders received from Fort Craig, for I
  should certainly have followed and as certainly overtaken them before
  they left the river at Fort Quitman.

  I am, lieutenant, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  E. E. EYRE,
  Lieut.-Col. California Volunteer Cavalry.

  Lieut. BENJAMIN C. CUTLER,
  Actg. Asst. Adjt. Gen., Column from California, Franklin, Tex.


  Source:  Official Records
  PAGE 120-105   OPERATIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST.   [CHAP. LXII.
  [Series I. Vol. 50. Part I, Reports, Correspondence, Etc. Serial No. 105.]


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  AUGUST 22, 1863.--Affair at San Pedro Crossing, Ariz. Ter.

  Report of Sergt. George W. Yager, Company E, First California Cavalry.

  SAN PEDRO CROSSING, ARIZ. TER., August 22, 1863.
  SIR: This morning about 9 o'clock, as we were turning our horses out
  to graze-four of them were already hobbled about 100 paces from the
  house, and the men who was looking out for them was engaged in
  catching a horse that had got loose-eleven mounted Indians dashed from
  the river above and intended to run between the hay-stack and the station
  to stampede some that were picketed there, but the men commenced
  firing at them and compelled them to change their course. Then they
  made for the four that were hobbled, and the men were so close on
  them that they were forced to leave the best mule. They succeeded in
  taking two Spanish horses and one small mule. Fortunately, they were
  the worst animals at the station. Myself and Saenger mounted our horses
  and pursued them about three miles, firing into them with our revolvers,
  but all was in vain. They tried to surround us, but we kept the
  advantage of them. They were armed with bows and arrows and short
  rifles. I had not enough men to follow them and protect the station at the
  same time. Two horses short here.

  Yours, with respect,

  GEO. W. YAGER.

  Capt. WELLMAN,

  As near as I can tell, three Indians were badly wounded.


  Source:  Official Records
   PAGE 232-105   OPERATIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST.   [CHAP. LXII.
  [Series I. Vol. 50. Part I, Reports, Correspondence, Etc. Serial No. 105.]

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  AUGUST 27, 1863.--Affair at Fort Bowie, Ariz. Ter.

  Report of Sergt. Charles Kuhl, Company E, First California Cavalry.

  FORT BOWIE, September 1, 1863.
  SIR: I report to you the loss of all our horses at this post. On the 27th
  of this month [August] I had the horses turned out to herd, with one
  man to guard them, giving the orders not to go out of sight of the fort.
  The horses were about (not over) 1,000 yards from the post, when
  twenty-five or thirty Indians on horseback, galloping down the road from
  Tucson, surrounded the stock and drove it through the canon toward
  Mesilla. Private Creeden, on guard that day, fired eight or ten shots at
  the Indians, hitting one of them. The sentinel at the fort seeing this (a
  little too late) fired his piece, and most of the men, with Capt. Tidball
  at their head, ran to overtake the Indians as quickly as possible, but the
  Indians were too far ahead. There was another party of Indians behind
  a little knoll a short distance from the old station, in number about
  twenty or thirty, who operated in concert with the Indians on horseback.
  A third party was outside the post, so it appeared that the Indians had
  their position chosen to the best advantage. The reason why I herded the
  horses on foot of the hill is this: Privates Jones', Blanc's, Davidson's,
  Lange's, and Creeden's horses had sore backs. I had all the men to
  work on their horses to wash and put on medicine every day twice, and
  with good success. The horses were in a good condition. We built a
  shed and cut a wagon load of hay, so that we may keep our horses up,
  only allowing the horses to go to water in the morning and graze for one
  hour or two, not thinking of any danger. There were two infantrymen
  herding the sheep close by, only having one man on guard because there
  were at that time only two privates for duty. Privates Davidson, Jones,
  and Blanc were sick; Private Chappins is in the kitchen, so left Creeden
  and Lange for guard. The same time I have to state that there was only
  one paid of hobbles here. I had to put them on the mule of Chappins,
  who strayed off the herd most every day. This mule the Indians left in
  the canon, and was brought back to the fort by our men. I applied for
  picket rope at the quartermaster's here, but there was none. The express
  will leave here to-morrow, myself and six men, in the post team.
  Capt. Tidball has not a mule here to ride. The mules are most of them
  broncos-buck, kick, and bite. We tried them, and there was no show.
  They broke saddle straps and laid down in the road, so we had to give
  it up to ride express, Capt. Tidball says he will not send his team a
  second time. Our
  ammunition is almost out. I had to draw 100 rounds from Capt.
  Tidball. There are no pistol cartridges here. Please send some pepper
  and mustard if possible. The quartermaster sent you some papers. Please
  ask Sergeant Andrews if they are correct. The horses lost belonged to
  the following men: First, Sergeant Kuhl, bay horse, American; second,
  Private Blanc, black horse, American; Private Lange, dark by horse,
  American; Private Davidson, light bay horse, American; Private
  Creeden, white horse, Spanish; Private Jones, dark cream horse,
  Spanish.

  I sign myself,

  CHS. KUHL,
  Sergeant, Company E, First Cavalry California Volunteers.

  Capt. C. R. WELLMAN.


  Source:  Official Records
  PAGE 233-105   OPERATIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST.   [CHAP. LXII.
  [Series I. Vol. 50. Part I, Reports, Correspondence, Etc. Serial No. 105.]

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  JULY 18--AUGUST 7, 1864.--Expedition to the Pinal Mountains, Ariz.
  Ter.

  Report of Maj. Thomas J. Blakeney, First California Cavalry.

  FORT GOODWIN, ARIZ. TER., August 8, 1864.
  LIEUT.: I have the honor to submit the following report to the
  operations of my command, consisting of Company E, Fifth Infantry
  California Volunteers, Capt. Harrover; Company I, First Infantry
  New Mexico Volunteers, Capt. Simpson, and detachment of Company
  E, First Cavalry California Volunteers, under Capt. Wellman, since
  leaving this post, pursuant to Special Orders, No. 106, headquarters
  Apache Expedition, at 4 p. m. on the 18th of July:

  First day, July 18.--The direction of march was west of north (the
  various camps, directions of march, courses of rivers, prominent peaks
  and mountains are indicated on the accompanying map,* which is
  respectfully submitted as a part of this report to the Gila River, which
  was reached an hour before sunset; distance, three miles; road for the
  first mile sandy and heavy. At this point we halted until sundown, when
  we marched nine miles and made camp at midnight. Road fair; direction
  a little north of west. Grass, wood, and water convenient and plenty.

  Second day, July 19.--Broke camp at sunset. Marched ten miles.
  Direction slightly north of west. Road rough and heavy. Compelled to
  haul the wagons across several arroyos by hand. Made camp at midnight
  500 yards from the river-bank. Wood plenty. Grass of superior quality,
  enough for one day.

  Third day, July 20.--Broke camp at sunset. Marched two miles and a
  half, direction northwest; the night being very dark, halted until
  daybreak.

  Fourth day, July 21.--I moved to a more sheltered camp one mile
  below. Broke camp again at sunset. Marched three miles in a
  northwesterly direction to a well-covered camp. Grass, wood, and water
  abundant.

  Fifth day, July 22.--Capt. Thayer encamped his command half a mile
  below me to-day. Sent out scouts to the north, west, and south to
  examine the country for Indian signs and prospect for a road across to
  the San Carlos. At 5 p. m. took up the line of march, the troops having
  three days' rations in their haversacks, across the peninsula formed by
  the great bend to the southward of the Rio Gila, a few miles east of
  where the Rio San Carlos empties into that steam, leaving Lieut.
  Stockwell with guide and thirty men in charge of train, with instructions
  to bring it through to the point indicated in orders as the site for the
  depot by the most direct practicable route and with as little delay as
  possible.

  Sixth day, July 23.--Reached Camp Rigg, on the San Carlos, at 2 a. m.,
  having marched eight miles in a direction north of west until we reached
  that stream, then eight miles in a northerly direction. Immediately after
  making camp sent scouts up the valley to the corn-fields to ascertain
  whether or not Indians were about. These scouts returned, reporting
  finding no indications of Indians having visited the valley since the
  destruction of their crops by Capt. Thayer.

  Seventh day, July 24.--At 1 a. m. started out with detachment of fifteen
  men of Company E, First Cavalry California Volunteers, under Capt.
  Wellman, and eleven men of Company E, Fifth Infantry California
  Volunteers, under Capt. Harrover, all supplied with three days'
  cooked rations in haversacks, to surprise and attack a camp of Indians
  said to be at a spring ten miles west of the depot. Reached the spot an
  hour before daylight, but the Indians had been gone at least two weeks.
  Returned to camp by noon to await the arrival of the train with supplies
  with which to make scout to Pinal Creek. Sent express back to meet the
  train and ascertain the cause of its delay. Express returned at 10 p. m.
  and reported the train in camp on the San Carlos eight miles below
  Camp Rigg.

  Eighth day, July 25.--Train arrived at 10 a. m. Sent five
  non-commissioned officers and twenty-five privates to the corn-fields to
  gather and bundle up the corn fodder preparatory to hauling it into camp
  for the animals when corraled at night; also sent five cavalrymen to
  scout down the steam for corn-fodder preparatory to hauling it into
  camp for the animals when corraled at night; also sent five cavalry men
  to scout down the steam for corn-fields. This party reported one field of
  corn about one acre in extent. It also had been visited and cut by
  Capt. Thayer's command. Ordered rations for a sixteen days' scout
  put up, three days' of which to be cooked and carried by the men in
  their haversacks, the remainder to be packed on mules. Built corral for
  the safety of the herd. Had a load of corn fodder hauled into camp.

  Ninth day, July 26.--Detachments from each of the companies were
  detailed to remain at Camp Rigg under command of Capt. Wellman,
  who being sick was ordered to remain behind. Capt. Simpson having
  applied for permission to accompany the scout was allowed to do so. At
  4 p. m. left camp and marched to Jaycox's Spring, direction west;
  distance, eight miles. Made camp here at 9 p. m. Gave orders that no
  fires should be made until after we had reached the rancheria, on Pinal
  Creek, which I expected to accomplish before daylight on the 28th.

  Tenth day, July 27.--Remained in camp at Jaycox's Spring, which is
  nothing but a tank of rain water, supply very limited, until 5 p. m.,
  when we took up the line of march for Pinal Creek, expecting to reach
  that stream in eight hours' march, so as to make our dispositions to
  attack the rancheria at daybreak. Before leaving Jaycox's Spring I placed
  Lieut. Mann, with a detachment, in charge of the pack train, with
  orders to take the train by another trail, not so direct, but
  were he could find water in abut twelve or fifteen miles and come on
  into Pinal Creek with it the next day. The night was very dark and the
  trail difficult to follow. The guide, Mr. Jaycox having lost it several
  times, determined to take the direction and follow it without reverence
  to the trail. At about 12 p. m. it being so dark we could scarcely see
  one another, we came upon a temporary camp of Indians situated in a
  deep ravine in the dividing ridge between the waters of Pinal and
  Mineral Creeks. They at once commenced making signals of danger; as
  the sequel shows, started an express immediately to their people on
  Pinal Creek. After having been discovered by this party, I determined
  that nothing would do but to go straight through to the settlement with
  the hope of getting there before the Indian messengers would, so as to
  inform them of our coming down into the Eastern Fork of Pinal Creek.
  At about sunrise we found water in tanks, which served much to refresh
  our men and animals, who were much worn by a heavy march over a
  rough and rocky country in the darkness of night and without a trail to
  follow. After having found this water I should have made camp and
  deferred by attack until the next day, were it not that our suspicions as
  to an Indian messenger having preceded us to the Campoodie to inform
  them of our approach, were confirmed by the discovery of the fresh
  tracks of two Apaches who were ahead of us not more than half an
  hour, and the assurance of the guide that the rancheria was only about
  three miles distance. Marched until 8.30 a. m. eleventh day, July 28,
  when, the men being literally worn out with fatigue, we halted for two
  hours, when we again proceeded down the creek and struck the upper
  spring at 12 m. No sooner had we reached this point than the Indians
  discovered and began yelling at us from the very tops of the high, rocky
  ridges bordering the creek. I ordered the cavalry, under Lieut.
  Stockwell, to charge upon a little group of wickey-ups for the purpose
  of ascertaining if the Indians had been apprised of our coming in time
  to remove all their effects. Lieut. Stockwell reported everything
  removed from these shanties. I then continued my march without paying
  any apparent attention to the Indians, who were entirely out of my
  reach, until I arrived at the old camping-ground of Col. Woolsey's
  party, distance from Jaycox's Spring thirty miles. Here I halted and sent
  the infantry forward, under command of Capt. Harrover, to the lower
  rancheria, with instructions to take possession of any property he might
  find there. Upon Capt. Harrover's reaching the vicinity of this
  rancheria a white flag was hoisted by the Indians, and also one by
  Capt. Harrover. The Indians at this point were also on the very tops
  of the rocky cliffs which overhang the valley. Very soon three Indians
  came down with a flag and expressed a desire to have a talk. One of
  them, a squaw, was brought to my quarters. I told her that I could not
  talk with every Indian individually. I wanted to talk to the whole tribe
  together with their chief. She went away pleased, and said she would
  bring the chief into my camp, and he would have all the tribe come in
  and they would give themselves up, as they did not want to fight with
  the whites. Six Indians were in camp, on or two at a time, during the
  day. They all expressed a desire to surrender, and said that they were
  aware that campaigns were being made against them from all sides.

  Twelfth day, July 29.--Lieut. Mann arrived with pack train. Nine
  Indians altogether in camp to-day. Two or three the most that were in
  at any one time. Capt. Harrover reported to me that Lieut.
  Mann had shown symptoms of insanity; imagined that he was
  followed by an Indian through camp, and that Mr. Parker, the guide,
  wanted to kill him. A young Indian came into camp this p. m. and said
  he wanted to live with us; said he wanted to be a white man, to have a
  hat, and boots, and clothes; said he had neither father nor mother, and
  that he wanted to go with us. He was about fourteen years of age and
  had a smart, intelligent look for an Indian. I allowed him to remain in
  camp and gave him all he wanted to eat. He seemed much pleased, but
  was not satisfied until I assured him that he should go with us when we
  left and stay with us while we remained there. To-night Lieut. Mann
  was wandering through camp perfectly wild, and I was compelled to put
  him under guard for fear he might do some injury either to himself or
  some one else.

  Thirteenth day, July 30.--Altogether about twenty Indians in camp
  to-day, six at one time. Had an interview with me. I think one of the
  number was the Chief Crooked Foot. He said he had just come from the
  east; that soldiers were hunting the Indians there; that they were being
  hunted from all sides; that they would be compelled to submit sooner or
  late, and that he was going to advise all to come in at once and give
  themselves up while they could save something. He said, as an evidence
  that the Indians living on Pinal Creek were not thieves, they had neither
  cattle nor mules; that they never had stolen stock. He said the fact of
  there being no bones scattered about their homes was evidence. He said
  he would bring all in with their families the next day to give themselves
  up. They all expressed their satisfaction at the assurances which I gave
  them that they would not be harmed, but provided for if they gave
  themselves up.

  Fourteenth day, July 31.--The Indians continue to come into camp in
  about the same numbers as on the preceding days. This a. m. an old
  squaw came into camp and said the boy who was staying with me was
  her boy, and she wanted him to go with her. I asked the lad if he
  wanted to go and he answered No. The squaw then wanted a
  present for him. I asked the boy if I should give her a present for him.
  He said that she was nothing to him; that he did not wish me to give her
  anything on his account. I then told the squaw that the boy was with me
  of his own choice. If he wanted to leave he could do so; that I did not
  propose making a slave of him, but expected to take good care of him
  and give him clothes and everything necessary for his comfort. I told
  her, furthermore, that when the Indians all came in and gave themselves
  up she should have a present similar to that given the remainder of the
  tribe. She left me dissatisfied. About noon or a little after the boy went
  down to the corn-field for the purpose of bringing up some corn, and
  three Indians who were there kidnapped him and carried him off. As
  soon as I ascertained this I seized on six Indians who were in camp at
  the time, telling them that I should hold them as hostages for the safe
  return of the boy. At the same time I sent one Indian out to look him up
  and bring him into camp. This Indian returned in about an hour with a
  blanket which the boy had with him, but said he could not find the boy.
  I sent him out again, giving him to understand that the boy, not the
  blanket, was what I wanted. I at the same time assured him that when the
  boy was brought in, if he did not desire to stay he should have the
  liberty of leaving. This was the last Indian that came into my camp. My
  hostages were as follows; Two bucks, two boys, and two squaws. At
  about dark I had given directions that the hostages should be tied, and
  when they were abut to tie them on of the squaws attempted to run off,
  and was shot and killed by the guard. One of the boys, about
  fifteen years of age, also started to run. About twenty shots were fired
  at him and he must have been killed, as the Indians were hunting the
  brush for him all of that night and the night after. The brush was so
  thick that it was useless for us to make search for his body.

  Fifteenth day, August 1.--Sent Capt. Harrover with Company E, Fifth
  Infantry California Volunteers, with instructions to skirmish over the
  mountain west of Pinal Creek and north of the canyon, kill all buck
  Indians big enough to bear arms and capture all squaws and children he
  might come upon; also to examine carefully for caches of wheat.
  Capt. Simpson was sent over the mountains south of the canyon.
  Lieut. Stockwell was directed to scour the valley for Indians; all
  with similar instructions. I started myself with Sergeant Fergusson, of
  Company E, Fifth Infantry California Volunteers, and twenty-five men
  to skirmish the mountains east of Pinal Creek, which I did from Salt
  River on the north to a point one mile and a half south of the camp over
  a strip three or four miles in width . I succeeded in killing 1 Indian,
  which afterward proved to be a squaw, and capturing 1 squaw. Capt.'s
  Harrover and Simpson reported meeting no Indians. Capt. Harrover
  reported finding several caches which had been raised apparently two
  weeks. Lieut. Stockwell reported meeting no Indians. On starting up
  the mountains on my skirmish I met Col. Woolsey, Arizona militia,
  who reported the arrival of his command. This evening at the
  solicitation of Col. Woolsey, who thought by doing so he might get
  the chief into camp, I set at liberty the squaw held as hostage for the
  return of the boy. She promised to return in two days with the chief. I
  told her that unless the boy was returned I should kill the hostages.

  Sixteenth day, August 2.--Sent Lieut. Stockwell with fifteen men of
  Company E, First Cavalry California Volunteers, to Camp Rigg for
  rations. Ordered the whole command on half rations to enable me to
  make a scout to Big Rump Valley. Had details out cutting and drying
  corn for men's rations.

  Seventeenth day, August 3.--Lieut. Qualey arrived with detachment,
  bringing express and Special Orders, No. 126, headquarters
  Apache Expedition. Hung the two buck Indian hostages at sundown.

  Eighteenth day, August 4.--Sent Capt. Harrover with thirty-five men
  of Company E, Fifth Infantry California Volunteers, up Pinal Creek to
  the Pinal Mountains at its head. Ordered Capt. Simpson, with forty
  men of his company, to the same destination by way of Big Horse
  Canyon, and was preparing to start myself with a small detachment by
  the eastern route when express arrived from Camp Rigg ordering in all
  the troops. Sent dispatch immediately to Capt. Harrover with orders
  to return to camp, and countermanded Capt. Simpson's orders.

  Nineteenth day, August 5.--Sent detachments to the various cornfields,
  with orders to cut down and destroy all corn and crops which remained.
  Broke camp at 2 p. m. and started on my march back to Camp Rigg in
  compliance with orders from Maj. Smith, commanding. Left Sergeant
  Fergusson in charge of twelve men of Company E, Fifth Infantry
  California Volunteers; twelve men of Company I, First Infantry New
  Mexico Volunteers, and three volunteers from Col. Woolsey's
  command, secreted abut camp, with instructions to kill any Indians
  coming into camp after the command moved out. Sergeant Fergusson
  was ordered to remain hidden until evening unless the Indians should
  discover him at an earlier hour, in which case he would join the
  command at once. Marched nine miles up the Eastern Fork of Pinal
  Creek and halted for the night in the midst of a terrific storm.

  The creek, which was perfectly dry before, run a depth of twenty feet of
  water within the short space of thirty minutes. Several men and animals
  were cut off from the main command and were unable to join it until the
  next morning.

  Twentieth day, August 6.--Sergeant Fergusson reached camp with his
  detachment at daybreak and reported that in about three hours after the
  command left camp fifteen Indians approached. His men fired upon and
  killed five of the number. For particulars I respectfully refer you to
  Sergeant Fergusson's report, which is herewith transmitted. Broke camp
  at 8 a. m. Marched to Camp Rigg, where we arrived at 8 p. m. Here
  the troops were turned over as a part of the garrison of that camp in
  command of Capt. Frink, Fifth Infantry California Volunteers.

  At 1 p. m. August 7 I started, in company with Col. Woolsey,
  Doctor Allcott, and the guides, Jaycox and Parker, for this post, where
  I arrived at 11.30 p. m.

  In conclusion, I would respectfully say that the cause of failure to
  surprise the camp of Indians on Pinal Creek was, the distance being
  greater than we had been informed, we were unable to make the march
  in the time allowed. Another unfortunate circumstance was meeting the
  party of Indians at midnight while on our march to make the attack. Had
  this accident not occurred we might have made camp and deferred out
  attack another day. At the time I received my orders to come in with my
  command I was fitting out an expedition to Big Rump Mountain, distant
  from the camp on Pinal Creek in a direct line abut twenty miles, where
  a large number of Indians have concentrated to resist the whites. I
  believer I should have had a fight here had I not been ordered in.

  The results of the scout may be briefly summed up as follows: Number
  of Indians killed, 10; number of Indians captured, 2; amount of corn
  destroyed, 20 acres, besides a considerable amount of beans, pumpkins,
  &c. The two captured Indians, one of them, however, the boy, was one
  oft hostages, were sent into Camp Rigg in charge of Lieut.
  Stockwell, to be turned over to the officer in command at that camp.

  All of which is respectfully submitted.

  THOS. J. BLAKENEY,
  Maj. First Cavalry California Vols., Cmdg. Detachment.

  Lieut. JOHN LAMBERT,
  Fifth Infty. Cal. and Adjutant Apache Expedition.

  [Inclosure.]

  CAMP RIGG, Rio San Carlos, August 7, 1864.
  MAJ.: I have the honor to report that agreeable to orders I remained
  in camp three hours, when fifteen Apaches were seen approaching the
  camp. When they were thrown into confusion and fled in every
  direction, throwing down their arms and everything that could retard
  their flight. We immediately started in pursuit, but the close proximity
  of dense brush prevented out finding but one. We trailed four others into
  the brush by their blood. I am satisfied that 5 were killed or mortally
  wounded. We also took 2 blankets, 1 lance, 1 bow and several arrows,
  and 2 pairs of moccasins.

  Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  B. F. FERGUSSON,
  Sergeant of Company E, Fifth Infantry California Vols.

  Maj. T. J. BLAKENEY.


  Source:  Official Records
  CHAP. LIII.]   EXPEDITION TO PINAL MOUNTAINS, ARIZ. TER.   PAGE 81-83
  [Series I. Vol. 41. Part I, Reports. Serial No. 83.]

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  Report of Capt. Emil Fritz, First California Cavalry.

  FORT SUMNER, N. MEX., August 19, 1864.
  SIR: I have the honor to make the following report for the information
  of the commanding officer:

  I left here on the 3d instant, according to verbal instructions from
  Capt. H. B. Bristol, commanding Fort Sumner, N. Mex., to intercept
  an Apache trail in the direction of the Capt. Mountains. On the fourth
  day I arrived at Fort Stanton late in the evening without seeing any
  Indian signs. I remained in Stanton the following day, and at dusk an
  express arrived with the news that the Indians had driven off the mules
  belonging to Mr. Parker's train. I left Fort Stanton the same night by
  order of the commanding officer, Maj. Chacon (please find a copy of
  the order inclosed), to scout through the White Mountains, and crossing
  all the trails leading to the Sacramento and Guadalupe Mountain without
  finding any Indian sign. On my return to Stanton I was ordered to send
  part of my men to the relief of Mr. Parker's train, and remain with the
  rest at the post to guard the Government stock there until the return of
  my men with the trains in distress. As soon as they returned I took the
  route for this post, where I arrived on the morning of the 19th instant
  without seeing anything worthy of notice.

  Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  EMIL FRITZ,
  Capt., First Cavalry California Volunteers.

  Lieut. M. MULLINS,
  Fifth U. S. Infantry, Post Adjutant.

  ---------------------------------------------------------

  Report of Capt. Samuel A. Gorham, First California Cavalry.

  FORT SUMNER, N. MEX., August 4, 1864.
  In accordance with an order received from Capt. Bristol, Fifth U. S.
  Infantry, commanding Fort Sumner, N. Mex., and having agreeably to
  said order reported to Col. Christopher Carson, First New Mexico
  Cavalry, for instructions, I proceeded about midnight of the 3d instant
  from this post in the direction of Fort Union, N. Mex., to look after
  certain Apache Indians who had a few days previous been committing
  depredations and running off stock from the ranches in the vicinity of-.
  My command consisted of one commissioned officer (Lieut. B. F.
  Fox, First California Cavalry) and thirty enlisted men of Company G,
  First California Cavalry (my own company). I was furnished with one
  Mexico guide and one Indian guide. After traveling about twelve miles
  on the main road which leads to Fort union I bore off to the right, and
  a little after daylight crossed the Alamo Gordo, a small stream, at a
  distance of about twenty-four miles from Fort Sumner. Just before
  crossing the stream the Mexican guide left us with the understanding
  that he would return. After crossing the stream I proceeded with my
  command and the Indian guide in a northerly direction about twenty-four
  miles, and within four miles of Whitmore's Ranch; then changed
  direction and traveled west about twelve miles and crossed the Rio
  Pecos, followed the river up, and camped at Giddings' Ranch, where we
  remained two hours for the purpose of resting and feeding our animals
  and getting something to eat ourselves. We arrived at Gidding's Ranch
  a little after 11 o'clock, having raveled over sixty miles. A little after
  1 p. m. left Giddings' Ranch and recrossed the river on the road back
  to Fort Sumner. I proceeded on my return as far as the lower main
  crossing of the Alamo Gordo and about twenty-five miles from the
  ranch. We camped about 9 p. m. Distance traveled this day about
  eighty-five miles. The Mexican guide failed to return during the day in
  accordance with the understanding.

  AUGUST 5, 1864.
  Broke camp about 4 a. m. and proceeded up the stream in an easterly
  direction about ten miles and crossed the Indian trail. Having been
  informed on yesterday that the stock captured by the Apaches had all
  been retaken from them, and that the Indians had twenty-four hours the
  start of me, and no other stock with them except their own animals,
  which they were riding, I concluded it would not be expedient to pursue
  them, as pursuit would be useless. I therefore returned to the fort,
  where I arrived about 12 m., not having seen an Indian during the
  scout.

  S. A. GORHAM,
  Capt., First Cavalry California Vols., Cmdg. Company G.

  [Lieut. M. MULLINS,
  Fifth U. S. Infantry, Post Adjutant.]


  Source:  Official Records
  PAGE 201-83   LOUISIANA AND THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI.   [CHAP. LIII.
  [Series I. Vol. 41. Part I, Reports. Serial No. 83.]

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  OCTOBER 1 -NOVEMBER 27, 1864.--Expedition from Fort Craig, N.
  Mex., to Fort Goodwin, Ariz. Ter.

  Report of Col. Oscar M. Brown, First California Cavalry.

  HDQRS. FORT CRAIG, N. MEX.,
  December 1, 1864.
  CAPT.: I have the honor to report that in obedience to special
  instructions from department headquarters, dated Santa Fe, N. Mex.,
  September -, 1864, I left this post on the 1st day of October for the
  Sierra Blanca Mountain and Apache country, with the following
  officers, troops, and employees: Capt. William Ayers, First New
  Mexico Infantry, and twenty men: Capt. W. H. Lent, First New
  Mexico Infantry, and thirty men; Lieut. L. F. Samburn, Company
  H, First California Cavalry, and fifty men, five packers and herders,
  two guides, and one interpreter, all provided with thirty-one days' short
  rations and forty-two pack-mules, and seven herder's and packer's
  horses. The guides, Felippe Gonzales and Antonio Santillanes, having
  full confidence that Indians might be found in large numbers on the
  south side of the Sierra Blanca, I determined to proceed by the way of
  the Little Colorado, which takes its rise on the north side of that
  mountain, and crossing it, surprise them if possible. Marching by way
  of Bear Spring, twenty-two miles; La Carriso, fifteen miles; La Monica,
  sixteen miles; Sierra de Luero, thirty miles; La Cienega, thirty miles;
  Ojo del Gallo, twenty miles; Rio Juan Apache, three miles; Ojo del
  Gallo, twenty miles; Rio Seco, twelve miles, I arrived at the Little
  Colorado, distance from Fort Craig 168 miles, on the morning of
  October 12 about 10 a. m. having sent my spies ahead the night before
  with instructions to make a thorough reconnaissance during the night,
  and if signs were discovered to send back and notify me, otherwise to
  remain in the vicinity until my command arrived. No signs whatever
  were discovered of any Indians having lived in this section for a long
  time. Rained all the forenoon. Found this to be a clear, bold, running
  stream, taking its rise in the Sierra Blanca, about twenty miles distant,
  running to the northwest, through a beautiful bottom, 20,000 acres of
  which can be most easily irrigated; grass of luxuriant growth and very
  nutritious. This bottom will at no distant day (as soon as the Apaches
  are exterminated) be thickly settled by a farming and stock-growing
  population, as it possesses every inducement to that class of settlers.
  Leaving camp at 13 p. m. I proceeded six miles higher up the river into
  the cannon, in order that my camp might be more secluded. Rain during
  the night.

  October 13, during the forenoon had the missing shoes of horses and
  mules replaced; also three days' rations cooked, and marched at 3 p. m.
  for the base of the Sierra Blanca. The ascent from the bottom of the
  canon to the top of the mesa was almost impracticable and was only
  accomplished after a great deal of hard labor and the fall of one or two
  pack-mules, without, however, any serious injury. From this point I
  proceeded in advance with twenty-five mounted men, quietly and
  cautiously, and about 9 p. m. camped in a deep rocky canon, well
  hidden from observation. About 11 p. m. remainder of command came
  up; distance traveled, fifteen miles.

  October 14, before breaking up camp found that one of the horses
  belonging by getting in among the rocks. Causing it to be killed I
  proceeded on cautiously, reaching the spring called Aqua de Juan
  Panila, about one mile and a half distant, and after watering stock and filling
  canteens, commenced the ascent of the Sierra Blanca, throwing spies
  and skirmishers considerably in advance. The ascent, although very
  steep, was fortunately not rocky, and mountain side being covered with
  tall sugar-pine timber, an enemy could not observe the approach.
  Arriving at the summit, a magnificent spectacle presented itself to view,
  as instead of a rocky apex or ridge the top proved to be a level mesa,
  extending far to the south, east, and west, covered with nutritious
  grasses and sugar pine, fir, and poplar trees, the former two of
  dimensions truly grand. Traveling about four miles, passed a rapid
  running rivulet, one of the tributaries of the Little Colorado. Seven
  miles farther arrived at the Rio Tascoso, a small mountain brook, taking
  its rise on this mesa, and running down the south side into the Rio de
  la Cruz. Camped for the night here; whole distance traveled, fifteen
  miles. Very cold, with heavy frost during the night.

  October 15, leaving the Tascoso at sunrise, proceeded over the mesa
  and same character of country to another mountain stream called the Rio
  Rioso, about nine miles distant, and camped to await the clearing up of
  the weather. Rain had been falling all the morning and the trail was very
  heavy. The shoes of the infantry were worn out, and many had their feet
  tied up in rags. At 1 p. m. the rain continuing to fall, I saddled up and
  continued to march, sending spies and guides five or six miles in
  advance. About 4 p. m. commenced the descent from the Sierra Blanca,
  and about 5 p. m. arrived at a clear running mountain brook, a tributary
  of the Rio de Labor, which having no name I called Rio Mohado. The
  country here is beautiful, and very much like some parts of Yuba
  County, Cal.

  Sunday, October 16, had two days' rations cooked, and at 1 p. m.
  started for the Rio de Labor, distant sixteen miles, having sent out at an
  early hour spies and guides with instructions to be exceedingly cautions
  and afford me timely information if any signs were discovered. About
  dark arrived at the river, where I found one of the guides, who reported
  no fresh signs as yet, although the spies with one guide had in obedience
  to my instructions proceeded to examine farther. The remains of a
  corn-field cultivated during the summer were found here; also an old
  rancheria, inhabited probably during the spring or early summer. About
  8 p. m. spies returned; reported no signs ahead.

  Monday, October 17, broke camp at daylight, and leaving the pack
  train with forty men under Capt. Lent, I proceeded quietly and
  cautiously along the trail, which passes down the Rio de Labor. In a
  short time spies reported signs ahead about three days old. Climbing to
  the top of a high hill near the trail I examined the bottom thoroughly,
  as far as I could see, with an excellent glass, but could discover no signs
  whatever, neither smoke, cattle, or huts. Proceeding cautiously with
  twenty-five men from Company H, First California Cavalry, and spies
  two or three miles in advance, I traveled about eight miles farther, when
  the spies returned to me with a squaw, captured by them on the trail.
  She was advancing along the same trail they were following, and
  concealing themselves until she approached, they took her prisoners.
  This capture altogether prevented the attack on the rancheria, being
  deferred until daylight next morning, as her non-return at night would
  alarm the Indians and put them on their guard. Directing Capt. Ayers
  to take his detachment of twenty men and throwing them out as
  skirmishers to proceed cautiously down the creek to the left, so as to
  avoid being seen, if possible, and sending Lieut. Samburn with a
  detachment of the cavalry (dismounted) up a ravine to the right, with
  similar instructions, I yet had some hopes of surprising them, although
  a broad and level tract of land about two miles in width intervened
  between my position at that time the opposite hills, where I expected to
  find the rancheria. Proceeding in person with fifteen men also to the
  right, but to the left of Lieut. Samburn, I passed this open plain as
  cautiously as possible, and about 3 p. m. met Lieut. Samburn
  returning, who reported no sign of rancheria in that direction.
  Changing my course so as to intercept Capt. Ayers, I met that officer
  about 4.30 p. m. and found that he had captured three other squaws
  while they were picking berries and grass seed near the creek, and had
  also found the rancheria and one small two-year-old colt.

  There were evidently no Indians at the rancheria at the time, they having
  gone off early in the morning, the men in search of game, the women
  in search of grass seed. Through the medium of the interpreter I learned
  that these were only five men, five women, and three children at the
  rancheria. They had no food laid up for winter, and subsisted entirely
  on the grass seeds and what little game the men killed. The colt captured
  was to have been killed the next day. But for the extreme timidity (using
  no harsher term) of the guides I could undoubtedly have captured the
  whole party, as they had no notice whatever of my approach. I
  discovered subsequently that the guide took the spies a short distance
  ahead of the command the night before, representing to them that it was
  extremely dangerous to go any farther. Had he been possessed of but a
  moderate share of physical courage, I could have easily discovered this
  rancheria during the night, and captured every soul at daylight in the
  morning. This was the more to be regretted by me, as I knew that the
  escaped Indians would at once give notice to the neighboring rancherias
  before I could possibly discover them. The guide knew of but one trail,
  which of course was the old trail traveled years before by traders. Trails
  ran in many directions, but as I very soon discovered, it was a futile
  effort to endeavor to find Indians by the first well-beaten trail that
  presented itself. Camping about one mile from the rancheria, and
  posting a few men in ambush around it after dark to capture or kill any
  Indian that might venture to return during the night, I used every effort
  to induce the captives to lead me to a neighboring rancheria, if any there
  were, threatening to hang one of them. They finally consented to show
  me in the morning, declaring their inability to find it during the night.
  The night was dark, the country over which I had to pass very rough,
  and knowing how easy it was to lose a trail that was scarcely perceptible
  in places during the daytime, I was, much against my wishes, compelled
  to wait for daylight. The stream running through this bottom is clear and
  permanent, and to white settler the situation would be most desirable,
  as the bottom is as well adapted to farming as the upland is to grazing,
  which is truly excellent. This stream (Rio de Labor) runs into the Prieto
  about fifteen miles below this point. A very prominent and isolated
  mountain to the north side of this creek and near the rancheria, conical
  in shape, I called Sugar Loaf Mountain; distance traveled this day from
  last camp about ten miles.

  Tuesday, October 18, leaving camp at daylight, having previously, and
  while it was yet dark, detailed one non-commissioned officer and ten
  men to relieve the men posted around the rancheria during the night,
  and instructing them to remain in concealment two or three hours after
  my departure, I crossed the creek and commenced the ascent of the
  mountain, which was rugged and rough in the extreme, over an Indian
  which could be plainly seen in daylight, but could not have
  been seen by night. It commenced raining before arriving at the summit,
  and before proceeding many miles the traveling became very heavy.
  Pressing on, however, with the squaw as guide, I came in sight (about
  five miles distant) of a creek called by them the Rio Ancho. Leaving the
  train under Capt. Ayers to come on leisurely, I ordered Capt. Lent
  with fifteen men of his company to proceed cautiously down a ravine to
  the right and approach the supposed locality from the opposite side.
  Lieut. Samburn with ten of his men dismounted I sent in the
  opposite direction with similar instructions. Allowing sufficient time for
  these officers to make the necessary detour, I proceeded in the direction
  indicated by the squaw, and after several hours spent in efforts to
  approach the rancheria undiscovered Capt. Lent finally came upon it,
  but found it deserted, and on examination it was evident that the Indians
  had left during the preceding night. There were thirteen huts here of a
  more permanent character than those usually seen. There were horse and
  mule tracks going two and three together in every direction, but the
  falling rain nearly obliterating them rendered it impossible to pursue,
  beside the country hereabout was so completely covered with rocks and
  granite boulders that it would be difficult to follow a trail at any time.
  One of the men found an old rifle here covered up in the straw. Had the
  guide been familiar with the country, on what may be termed the side
  trails, I should have been able to discover this rancheria in time to kill
  or capture every Indian, as it was so located as to be easy of approach.
  Returning up the creek (Rio Ancho) where I had directed the train to be
  halted and unpacked, I camped for the night, rain continuing to fall. The
  nearest point of the Prieto was distant about fourteen miles. The river
  takes its rise in the Sierra Blanca about twenty-five miles east of this
  point, and running nearly south a short distance unites with another
  branch coming out of a spur of the Sierra Blanca. The first of these
  forks is called by the Indians the Prieto Delgado. After forming the
  junction the river turns first to the west, then to the northwest, and
  forms the main fork of the Salina River, and not the South Fork of the
  San Carlos, as has been erroneously stated. It is a clear, bold, rapid
  running stream, three times the size of the San Carlos; and although it
  only averages about three feet in depth at this time, there are indications
  that the volume of water flowing through it at times is very great.

  At 6 p. m. I ordered Capt. Ayers with twenty-five men to proceed to
  the Prieto Delgado, and reaching it before day, to send out his spies in
  every direction and endeavor, if possible, before daylight to find the
  rancheria which the captives promised to show in that locality. Although
  the trail was very muddy, rocky, and the night very dark, and after
  being lost for several hours, he finally succeeded in reaching the river,
  but could neither hear nor see any signs of Indians. Waiting until day he
  proceeded cautiously to examine the country, but found no recent signs
  of Indians or rancherias. It was not only impossible for him to cross the
  river, but the could not even approach it very near. From this point (the
  junction) to its junction with the Salinas I am informed that there are but
  two crossing, both of which I saw, and one of them was almost
  impracticable. The river throughout its whole length flows through the
  deepest and most rocky canon I ever saw. The sides of the canon are
  nearly perpendicular, and in some place nearly 1,000 feet high. No
  Indian can live on this river. All that are in this section of country must
  of necessity live away from the river in the ravines and near springs.

  Wednesday, October 19, broke camp at daylight and marched in a
  westerly direction, intending to strike the river at the nearest point from
  which Lieut. Sanburn had been ordered to commence his scout the
  preceding night down the river, and to which Capt. Ayers had been
  ordered to return by way of the river. Supposing it to be like most
  rivers, and that access to it or down it was not impracticable, I had
  hoped to surprise them while on the move from one point to another,
  and that if any escaped from Capt. Ayers they would be intercepted
  by Lieut. Samburn or myself. On approaching within two or three
  miles of the river I found it to be almost impassable-the worst I ever
  saw. The infantry could proceed much more rapidly than cavalry, and
  I ordered all the later dismounted, to proceed on foot. At last I reached
  the river, or, more properly speaking, the river canon, the river itself
  being at least 500 feet beneath the bluff on which I stood. At once I was
  satisfied of the impossibility of my orders to Capt. Ayers and
  Lieut. Samburn being executed. No troops could travel along the
  river, either up or down; nor could I discover any traces of Lieut.
  Samburn. He had evidently gone far beyond the point at which I had
  desired him to strike the river. As he only had rations for twenty-four
  hours and Capt. Ayers for forty-eight hours, I could not proceed and
  leave them to follow my trail. I therefore determined to return to my
  camp of the day before and await their arrival, at the same time sending
  out scouts over the mountains to notify these officers of my movements.
  Returning, therefore, and throwing out scouts in different directions, I
  soon had the satisfaction of seeing Lieut. Samburn approach, and
  about half an hour afterward Capt. Ayers came in and reported that
  no sign whatever had been discovered by him, and that, although he had
  traveled about eighteen miles in sight of the river, he had been unable
  to water his horses, there being no practicable descent. Lieut.
  Samburn had no horses with him, and descended to the river far below
  the point intended, the guide having lost himself during the night, so that
  at daylight he did not know where he was, whether above or below the
  point to which he was ordered. Neither did he discover any sign of
  Indians. Rain nearly all night.

  Thursday, October 20, resting men and animals; at 1 p. m. started for
  the crossing of the Prieto. Traveled without trail, but in the supposed
  direction, the guide having miscalculated the distance, and after traveling
  until 5 p. m. over the roughest mountains in the whole country, I left
  the guide looking for a practicable descent, and changing my course to
  the north at right angles to the river, I soon came to an open mesa
  covered with good grass, a small creek of water, and an old rancheria.
  Camped for the night, and ordered five days' rations to be cooked. No
  rain to-night, but heavy frost and very cold.

  Friday, October 21, marched at 6 a. m., having previously sent out
  guides to look for the trail or any trail, as the traveling of the day
  before, if repeated, would break down all the animals. Found the trail
  about a mile and a half distant, and following it up about eight miles
  commenced the descent to the river. The sight here was truly grand, but
  not at all pleasing to the commander of a detachment having horses and
  mules. After a toilsome effort of one hour the command reached the
  river. Leaving Capt. Ayers and Lieut. Samburn with fifty men to
  camp for the night and follow the next day, I proceeded with Capt.
  Lent and the remainder of the detachment (cavalry and infantry) with
  five days' cooked rations to the Water Holes, fifteen miles distant,
  where I arrived about sunset. Spies returned
  and reported signs, having discovered the trail of three Indians having
  a burro with them. They had been gathering the prickly pear fruit, and
  were proceeding leisurely in a northwesterly direction.

  Saturday, October 22, sent out spies to the east, west, and south, with
  instructions to follow up any fresh trail might be found, and to exercise
  every precaution to avoid being discovered. I also sent out spies to
  follow up the trail discovered the evening before. About sunset the
  various scouts returned without having discovered anything. The trail to
  the northwest was followed about eight miles, and led in the direction
  of two streams called the Little River or Rillitos, where the guides
  represented I would be very likely to find Indians. Capt. Ayers having
  arrived with the balance of the command, I determined to proceed at an
  early hour in the morning, and approaching as near as practicable to
  find out exact location of rancheria and surround it during the next
  night.

  Sunday, October 23, commenced raining very hard about 12 m.
  Everything wet and mud deep. Marching at 4.30 a. m. Rain pouring
  down. After daylight found trail of Indians and burro obliterated.
  Traveling excessively heavy and shoes of infantry dropping to pieces.
  Cavalry men all compelled to walk. After going about ten miles found
  where Indians had rested and eaten "tanitos." No trail, however, could
  be followed from this point. Proceeding cautiously toward the deep
  canon, where I expected to find the rancheria, I discovered that no
  Indians had lived here several months. They had made their mescal and
  probably had passed most of the summer here, but no recent traces were
  to be found.

  This creek, and also another about four miles distant to the north, both
  of which uniting about ten miles to the southwest formed the East Fork
  of the San Carlos, are evidently favorite summer resorts for the Indians
  as the mescal and prickly pear fruit seems to be quite abundant here.
  Proceeding to this latter fork and sending scouting parties in every
  direction to look for signs, I camped in the canon to await the result.
  No discovery made, and rain continuing to fall, passed a disagreeable
  night. Having but five days' short rations left, and the distance to Fort
  Goodwin by the trail requiring at least that time to travel it, the men
  being nearly all barefooted, and the horses and mules nearly worn out,
  from the effects of exposure in the cold rains and heavy frost, I
  determinate to commence the march early in the morning, or as soon as
  the weather would permit, for that post, by way of the San Carlos,
  Camp Rigg, and the Gila River. I came to this conclusion with extreme
  reluctance, as I had no doubt of the existence of a rancheria within
  twenty or twenty-five miles, although I could not as yet tell in what
  direction; but as I felt satisfied that the Indians by this time must be
  aware of the presence of troops in the country, and as the heavy and
  constant rains had obliterated all trails, so that to find them would be a
  matter of mere chance, I was forced to the conclusion to march at once
  for Fort Goodwin, and the men who had been walking barefooted day
  and night over the rocks and through mud, and living on one tortilla per
  day, hailed the order with delight, although I must do them the justice
  to say that they have borne the unusual hardships cheerfully and without
  a murmur, joining in the laugh of their comrades, excited by the
  ludicrous appearance of their feet tied up in rags, and yet the certainly
  of a fight would have induced them to go unhesitatingly without eating
  as long as nature would permit.

  Monday, October 24, mud three inches deep; blankets, clothing, and
  everything very wet and heavy; waited for it to clear up somewhat
  About 11 a. m. commenced raining again and poured down for an hour,
  when I struck and started for the San Carlos, distant eighteen miles.
  Making a wide detour to the north, I crossed one of the many deep
  canons which intersect this mesa, when, changing my course to the
  southwest, I traveled over the mesa (level and covered with grass) for
  about twelve miles, when I commenced descent into the San Carlos
  Valley over what appeared to have been the great Indian thoroughfare
  between the upper and lower country for ages. The descent occupied
  two hours, and must have been at least 2,000 feet in the perpendicular.
  Reached the South Fork of the San Carlos after dark and camped for the
  night. Very little grass here; distance traveled, eighteen miles.

  Tuesday, October 25, at daylight proceeded six miles farther to the San
  Carlos, and camped to give animals good grazing, which they failed to
  get last night for the second time only on the trip. Leaving here at 1 p.
  m. I traveled down the San Carlos, passing Camp Rigg, and arrived at
  the Gila about 5 p. m., distance traveled, fifteen miles. Two old and
  very poor mules gave out to-day and I was compelled to kill them.

  Wednesday, October 26, leaving the detachment under command of
  Capt. Ayers, and taking an escort I proceeded to Fort Goodwin,
  where I arrived at 2 p. m., and met with the very welcome hospitalities
  of Maj. Smith, the commanding officer, and Maj. Gorman, of my
  own regiment, and Surgeon Whitney, post surgeon.

  Thursday, October 27, about 12 m. my command arrived, when I
  immediately commenced refitting the expedition for the return to Fort
  Craig by way of Negrita, San Francisco, and Azul Rivers.

  Friday, October 28, ordered off Capt. Ayers with the command at 2
  p. m. with instructions to proceed up the Gila until good grazing could
  be found and camp for the night. On leaving one mule was reported
  missing and could not be found after the most diligent search. It was
  either with the post herd and not recognizable or had been stolen. I left
  here in hospital two from Capt. Lent's company and two from the
  cavalry.

  October 29, 1864, leaving Fort Goodwin at an early hour and
  proceeding to my camp, I moved ten miles higher up the Gila and
  camped for the night. Sunday, October 30, a private of Capt. Lent's
  company being taken very sick during the night, I sent him back to Fort
  Goodwin for medical treatment. Traveling up the river about eighteen
  miles, I camped on a beautiful bottom covered with fine grass. Three
  men belonging to Company H, First California Cavalry, failed to come
  into camp. At a late hour one returned and stated that he had taken the
  road to Fort Cummings by mistake and gone some distance out of the
  way.

  Monday, October 31, the grass being good and camp well sheltered, I
  determined to remain here all day and rest my wearied animals, as they
  certainly required it, the more especially as a long and hard journey was
  before them. The men missing yesterday failing to come up, I sent out
  parties in search, but no traces being found I concluded their absence
  was intentional and began to suspect they had deserted.

  Tuesday, November 1, determining to remain one more day and give
  my stock the benefit of the excellent grass, also to search for the
  missing men, sent parties out in different directions, but at sunset
  no-traces had been found. It was quite evident they had followed the
  road to Fort Cummings, and their trail could not be distinguished from
  others traveling in the same direction on the day they were first missed.

  Wednesday, November 2, called about 3 a. m. by the officer of the day,
  who reported three men missing who had been relieved from guard at
  2 a.m., and as their saddles and blankets could not be found it was
  evident they had deserted. The night was very dark and immediate
  pursuit was out of the question. At daylight sent out scouts to look for
  the trail, and about 7.30 a. m. found they had gone toward the Fort
  Cummings road. Immediately ordered Lieut. Samburn, one
  noncommissioned officer, and ten men to take trail and pursue until he
  came up with them, but as they had stolen three of my best mules I had
  but little hopes of their capture. Awaited here all day to be present if
  Lieut. Samburn should meet with unexpected success and return.

  Thursday, November 3, Lieut. Samburn not returning, broke up
  camp at daylight and proceeded up the river to the mouth of the Bonita,
  crossing the Gila several times on the way and entering the Gila Canon.
  Camped for the night; distance traveled, about twelve miles.

  Friday, November 4, crossed the river at an early hour (fording very
  cold for the dismounted men) and ascending the mountain marched
  along an exceedingly rough trail, over high hills and deep ravines,
  which told heavily on the stock, and for the first time on scout was
  compelled to destroy a cavalry horse, which had failed entirely. It was
  a very weak and inferior horse, and I had expected to lose him in the
  either part of the expedition. Two old quartermaster horses used by the
  packers and herders also gave out, but were finally got into camp. The
  distance traveled was only twelve miles, yet it was of such a character
  as to be very fatiguing to men and animals. Camped at some water-holes
  about six miles distant from the Gila. Grazing good.

  Saturday, November 5, marched at daylight and traveled about six miles
  in an northerly direction over a much better trail than that or yesterday,
  reaching the Rio Gila about two miles above the San Francisco. The
  guide not seeming to be certain as to the trail from this point, but rather
  urging that I should travel higher up the canon and over the hill to the
  east side of the river before making for the San Francisco, I pitched my
  camp and sent out spies and guides to the north, east, and west to search
  for a trail. In about tow hours found a good trail leading to the north
  and nearly parallel with the San Francisco.

  Sunday, November 6, marched at an early hour, an on reaching the top
  of the mountain, beheld the River San Francisco, from its mouth to the
  mouth of the canon, miles away, although it may be properly called a
  canon the whole distance. Traveling over a ridge running parallel to the
  river, I at last descended and struck the river and crossed to the west
  side, but was soon compelled to cross and recross many times again
  before I reached camp, at a point which I denominated Aztec Fort, in
  consequence of the fortifications erected on the top of a bold and abrupt
  bluff commanding the entrance to the canon, this being the second one
  I had encountered on the march, the other was on the Rio Ancho, to the
  north of the Prieto. Considerable skill and knowledge of the science of
  attack and defense was evinced in their construction. Centuries may
  have elapsed since they were constructed, and unless thrown down by
  human hands they will stand for centuries to come. In crossing the river
  to-day and old, poor, and broken-down mule mired down, and not being
  able to get him out, ordered him to be killed. Distance traveled,
  eighteen miles.

  Monday, November 7, commenced raining before morning and rained
  all day. River rising, and impossible to move.

  Tuesday, November 8, rain continued to fall. Surrounding hills and
  mountains covered with snow. Very cold and animals suffering much.

  Wednesday, November 9, rain having ceased, commenced the march up
  the river bottom, fording twice. Found it so swollen and rapid I was
  compelled to strike out over the mountain and endeavor if possible to
  make some progress by traveling parallel to the river. After a laborious
  and fatiguing march of only twelve miles was compelled to strike the
  river again, and camped for the night in a small well-sheltered flat
  covered with good grass.

  Thursday, November 10, as the river was yet too high to ford with
  safety and traveling over the mountains entirely out of the question, I
  was compelled to lie here all day. Found at this spot remains of an old
  camp and indications of considerable work done in gold digging. Some
  of my men, having received permission, sunk or rather opened up, one
  or two hole and got a very good prospect of fine quality gold. I am of
  opinion that the placer is very limited, however, and do not think it
  would pay. One of my guides (Fellippe Gonzales) informed me that
  Capt. Shirland with his company of the First California Cavalry, was
  here at one time, he (Gonzales) being with him as guide.

  Friday, November 11, the river having fallen considerably, broke up
  camp at an early hour, and traveling ten miles higher up the river to a
  well-sheltered and excellent spot for grazing, determined to leave the
  pack-train and cavalry horses with a part of the command, and taking
  cooked rations for several days to proceed on foot to the Sierra Blanca
  by way of the Rio Negrita and Azul. In one both of these localities I
  expected to find Indians if there were any in this section of country.

  Saturday, November 12, sent Capt. Ayers with twenty-four men and
  five days' cooked rations to the Negrita with instructions to scout along
  the river to its secure, and endeavor if possible to find Indians. He was
  also ordered to return at the expiration of that time to the camp, which
  would on that day be moved to the junction of the Azul and San
  Francisco. Leaving Capt. Lent in command of the camp, I proceeded
  with twenty-five dismounted cavalry (taking seven days' cooked rations)
  to the mouth of the Azul, about seven miles distant, and following up
  that stream, camped for the night, about fifteen miles from its junction
  with the San Francisco. The whole canon is very deep and narrow and
  the river has to be crossed almost constantly. Weather and water very
  cold, and shoes beginning to wear out. Found here indications of an old
  Indian camp, of a party twenty or thirty strong, having with them a
  goodly number of animals. It was too old, however, and too much rain
  had fallen upon the trail to permit of its being followed.

  Sunday, November 13, leaving camp before daylight I proceeded
  cautiously up the stream, crossing and recrossing, expecting to find
  Indians or fresh sings certainly during the day. About 11 a. m. passed
  remains of an old rancheria, habited probably a year since. About 2 p.
  m. came upon the remains of another, apparently of the same age, also
  an old corral and some little fencing in a flat in the opening of the
  canon. Resting here about an hour, followed on up the river, which has
  narrowed very much, the water in many places rushing through a
  narrow gorge in the solid granite walls, cut by its action for ages. About
  4 o'clock turned up the mountain to the right of the river, following an
  old Indian trail, and arriving at the summit found myself upon the
  southeastern extremity of the Sierra Blanca. Show on all sides and
  weather very cold. My course now was very nearly east, and arriving
  at a clear running stream in the mesa about four miles from the river,
  camped for the night. I had almost forgotten to add that the remains of
  an old camp, either troops or citizens, was observable on the river a few
  hundred yards above the point at which I turned off. Very cold night;
  snow on all sides and water in canteens frozen. Distance traveled this
  day about eighteen miles.

  Monday, November 14, marching as soon as it was light enough to see
  the trail, I traveled on over the mesa, which was rolling and hilly,
  intersected by many deep cannons. About 12 m. overtook the spies and
  guides, who were awaiting me. The guide stated that if any Indians were
  in this section of country at all they would be found about four miles
  distant at a place called Rancheria Vieja, and as the approach appeared
  to be somewhat open, I sent forward the spies and guide with
  instructions, to meet me at a designated point, and awaited until toward
  night before marching. At 4 p. m. moved on. I proceeded about four
  miles and met two of the spies awaiting with the information that no
  signs were discovered, and that the guide with the other spies had gone
  on to the San Francisco, distant about six miles. I therefore proceeded
  on and arrived at the river about 8.30 p. m. and camped for the night.

  Tuesday, November 15, at daylight sent spies up and down the river;
  also to the mountains east of the river about three miles distant. No
  signs were discovered except an old rancheria of eleven huts, occupied
  apparently during the summer. After the return of the spies, about 11 a.
  m., I passed on down the river, looking for signs and following up an
  old trail scarcely visible. I came upon another old rancheria of ten or
  twelve huts, inhabited probably during the last winter. The land on and
  near the river here is very fine, and covered with excellent pasture. No
  finer farming or stock ranch could be desired. Bottom land can be easily
  irrigated and the numerous, beaver dams here already overflow quite a
  number of acres. Crossing to the east side of the river, and striking for
  the range of mountains to the east, already alluded to, and which is
  approached by an elevated mesa, covered with pasture for countless
  herds, I passed in the direction of a deep gorge, which looked like a
  favorable locality for Indians. Arriving here and descending into the
  canon, which was very deep, I found traces of Indians about one month
  old. It being now very late, I camped for the night. Distance traveled
  about ten miles.

  Wednesday, November 16, passing down this canon I found a trail of
  Indians made immediately after a rain, which might be two weeks and
  might be two months old. Followed it up and turning into a side canon
  on the left, found quite a number of horse and mule tracks intermingled
  with moccasin tracks. This side canon was filled up with trees, stumps,
  and dense chaparral, and gave me infinite toil to force my way through.
  At last came upon a temporary rancheria, which appeared to have been
  inhabited but a few days, and solely for the purpose of concealment. It
  was not visible fifty yards distant. I ascended the canon as high as
  possible and then proceeded to the top of the mountain, or mesa, which
  it proved to be, followed up to the mountain itself, but found no further
  signs. Snow began to fall and the cold was intense, and when I turned
  to retrace my steps I found it necessary to be expeditious to avoid much
  suffering. Descending to the canon where the trail was first struck, I
  proceeded as rapidly as possible (rain
  falling in the meantime, although it was snowing above). After a
  toilsome and laborious march arrived at a point on the San Francisco
  River known as the Travesilla and camped for the night. Distance
  traveled, fifteen miles. Having but two days' rations left, and being
  satisfied that there were no Indians in this section of country, I
  determined to march in the morning for El Tenaje, the point at which
  I had directed Capt. Ayers to meet me.

  Thursday, November 17, marched at an early hour for the Tenaje, six
  miles west of Fort West, and traveling over the best trail I had seen in
  the country, arrived about 3 p. m., distance traveled, twenty-three
  miles.

  Friday, November 19, waked up to find the ground and my blankets
  covered with snow. Rations very short, but fortunately one of the men
  had killed two antelopes the evening before. Continued to snow until
  about 2 p. m., when I moved two miles farther down the creek to
  procure a better supply of fuel. About 5 p. m Capt. Ayers came up
  with the rest of the command. Men and animals very much fatigued
  from the long day's march through the snow. Learned that he was
  unable to leave his camp that morning until 9 a. m., in consequence of
  the heavy snow-storm. Capt. Ayers reported that one of the packer's
  horses, a large but weak animal, had in climbing up the mountain fallen
  backward and been killed. Several others had been left back on the road
  unable to proceed farther.

  Saturday, November 20, awaiting the arrival of the horses left on the
  road yesterday, I did not break up camp until 2 p. m., when I proceed
  to Fort West, distant six miles, and occupying the quarters not yet
  destroyed by the fire which had burned down a large portion of them,
  I passed the most comfortable night since leaving Fort Goodwin. Fort
  West is beautifully located, and the country round about admirably
  adapted for farming and stock raising, the facilities irrigation being
  excellent. It is truly cause for sad reflection to see so many thousand
  acres of line land scattered throughout this portion of Arizona
  uninhabited, uncultivated, unused, in consequence of the depredations
  of a few thieving, roving, murdering Apaches, who are too weak to
  attack or fight but strong enough to steal and assassinate.

  Sunday, November 21, having missing horse and mule shoes replaced
  during the forenoon, left Fort West at 12 m., and traveling about twelve
  miles over a fine wagon road, camped at Santa Lucia for the night.
  Water and grass plenty, but wood scarce.

  Monday, November 22, marching at 6 a. m. over the excellent wagon
  road for the greater part of the distance, arrived at San Vincente about
  3 p. m. Very cold, but fortunately plenty of fuel.
  Tuesday, November 23, marching at sunrise I took an escort and
  proceeded by way of Pino Alto, which I found to be a miserable little
  place, a few persons only remaining here, for what purpose a casual
  observer cannot tell. I was much disappointed, as I had expected to find
  considerable of a mining town. No mining whatever appears to be done
  here at present. Remaining here but a short time, I turned back toward
  the copper mine, and, shortly overtaking my command, I proceeded to
  that point, where I arrived after sunset, having traveled about
  twenty-one miles. It was reported shortly after camping that two men
  belonging to the cavalry detachment had fallen behind, their horses
  becoming tired, and that probably they would not come in until
  morning.

  Wednesday, November 24, directing Capt. Ayers to send back for the
  men missing yesterday, who were supposed to be not more than
  two miles from the camp, and to march leisurely for Fort McRae, via
  Mule Spring, La Cienega, and Rio de los Animals, I proceeded in
  advance and arrived at that post about 9 p. m. of the 26th ultimo, and
  eagerly partook of the generous hospitalities of Maj. Willis, the post
  commander.

  Saturday, November 27, arrived at Fort Craig and terminated the
  expedition, which has been barren of any other result than the
  determination of the non-habitation of the Sierra Blanca country by the
  Indians at this season of the year. I do not think there were ever over
  100 Indians altogether throughout the section of the country lying
  between the Sierra Blanca on the north, the San Carlos on the west, and
  the Gila and San Francisco on the south and east. No tracks or trails of
  Indians or animals throughout the whole section, except between the
  Prieta and Sierra Blanca, where not exceeding 100 at the most might
  probably be found. It is entirely too cold for a winter residence, and
  were it no, hunger would drive them to the Rio Grande or Sonora.

  The officers and enlisted men of my command are entitled to much
  credit for their cheerfulness under hardships and eagerness to find a foe.
  The enlisted men vied with each other in creditable efforts to attract the
  attention of their officer, although traveling by day and by night, early
  and late, in rain and snow storms, and through the mud and mire, most
  of the with cold food, at times with none at all, yet they were ever
  ready to obey all orders with cheerfulness and alacrity. Company H, of
  my own regiment, under Lieut. Samburn, although but a few
  months in the department, proved themselves to be excellent soldiers,
  and may be relied upon in any emergency. The conduct of
  Orderly-Sergeant Chambers, of that company, is particularly deserving
  of commendation. Capt. Ayers, detachment were mostly veterans, and
  maintained the reputation already acquired. Capt. Lent's company
  have been but recently mustered into the service, but behaved
  themselves well. On my arrival at this post I found Lieut. Samburn
  already arrived, and his report, forwarded to department headquarters,
  speaks for itself. The prisoners taken I will forward to Los Pinos at the
  earliest practicable moment.

  I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  OSCAR M. BROWN,
  Col. First Cavalry, California Volunteers, Cmdg.

  Capt. BENJAMIN C. CUTLER,
  Asst. Adjt. Gen., Dept. of New Mexico, Santa Fe, N. Mex.


  Source:  Official Records
   CHAP. LIII.]   EXPEDITION FROM FORT CRAIG, N. MEX.   PAGE 867-83
  [Series I. Vol. 41. Part I, Reports. Serial No. 83.]

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  FEBRUARY 17, 1865.--Skirmish at Fort Buchanan, Ariz. Ter.

  REPORTS.

  
  No. 1.--Lieut. Col. Clarence E. Bennett, First California
          Cavalry.
  No. 2.--Cap. John L. Merriam, Fist California Cavalry.

  
  No. 1.

  Report of Lieut. Col. Clarence E. Bennett, First California Cavalry

  HEADQUARTERS,
  Fort Bowie, Ariz. Ter., February 25, 1865.
  COL.: On the 17th instant the Apache Indians, to the number of
  about 100, attacked Fort Buchanan. They shot one soldier through the
  leg. The soldiers, after the Indians fired the rood, made their escape.
  The Indians got about 200 rations, suits of clothing of six men, 250
  cartridges, six cavalry horses and equipment's, and some arms from the
  cavalry detachment near the post. They murdered Mr. Wrightson and
  Mr. Hopkins. Missing, 1 soldier stationed at Buchanan, supposed to be
  killed, and the Mexican boy with Mr. Wrightson. Of course everything
  they had fell into the hands of the Indians. I suppose Capt. Merriam
  will make to department headquarters a detailed report of all this. Mr.
  Hughes, of Tucson, recently found at the cienega a map recently
  murdered, horribly mutilated, and he reports seeing fresh Indian tracks
  at the road near Dragoon Springs, where Indians had apparently been
  writing. At Sulphur Springs fresh tracks of Indians with a large number of
  horses and mules. The men at San Pedro report seeing Indians frequently.
  The mail is not considered safe the way it is now carried by one men.
  Mr. Davis, the quartmsasters' clerk, just informed me that he was afraid
  neither of these expressmen would make another trip. The service is a
  very hard one. They are all good men and if they quit there is no way
  to carry the mail except by cavalry until they can be replaced. I think it
  will be difficult to replace them. Lieutenant Norton, First Cavalry
  California Volunteers, says the cavalry horses captured at Fort Buchanan
  were good one. The
  expressman would not go by Buchanan; he said the other route was
  more open and a better road, and not much difference in the distance.
  There is another consideration--I am informed Jones is paid $125 a
  month, and these men $75, and I would employ either of these men
  before Jones. I should be sorry to have these men leave; they are good
  men, sober, trustworthy, and take good care of their animals. In any
  event, I will have the express carried in some way. Killing these
  murderous Apaches will have to be systematically and energetically
  carried on before there will be security for life or property in this
  Territory.

  I am, colonel, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  CLARENCE E. BENNETT,
  Lieutenant-Col. First Cavalry California Vols., Cmdg.

  Col. J. C. McFERRAN, U. S. Army,
  Chief Quartermaster, Department of New Mexico.

  -----------

  No. 2.

  Report of Capt. John L. Merriam, First California Cavalry.

  TUBAC, ARIZ. TER,., February 22, 1865.
  Capt. B. C . CUTLER,
  Asst. Adjt. Gen., Dept. of New Mexico, Santa Fe, N. Mex.:

  SIR: I have the honor to inclose report of an attack made on the vedette
  station at Fort Buchanan, Ariz. Ter., on the 17th instant.

  Very respectfully, &c.

  JOHN L. MERRIAM,
  Capt., First California Cavalry, Commanding Post.

  TUBAC, ATIZ. TER.
  February 18, at 9.45 a.m. received information from Doctor Lock, of

  Santa Rita, that Indians had attacked the vedette station of ix men, at
  Fort Bucahanan, on yesterday (one of the men from Fort Bucahanan
  having reached Santa Rita), and that Mr. Wrightson, superintendent of
  the Santa Rita mines, Mr. Hopkins, and a Mexican boy had left Santa
  Rita on the morning of the 17th for Fort Bucahanan. I started with a
  detachment of twenty-= four men of my company for Fort Buchanan
  at 10 a. . arrived at Santa Rita at 11.25 a. m. rested half an hour, and
  arrived at Fort Buchanan at 2.40 p. m. While at Santa Rita received
  information from my men who had escaped that the indians had
  captured the stating, and probably killed three of the men. No account of
  Messrs. Wrightson and Hopkins. A short distance from the fort found
  their bodies; they had evidently been attacked from behind and no
  opportunity of making any resistance. Found the house had been fired
  before the men left. The Indians had captured 6 horses and horse
  equipment's, 2 carbines and equipment's, all the subsistence, &c., except
  a portion of the corn, the pork, coffee, soap, and candles also all the
  clothing belonging to the men. Ordered one sergeant and five men to
  proceed to the vedette station at San Pedro Crossing, and remain there,
  judging that station too weak (six men) if attacked by a large force of
  Indians. Ordered the abandonment of Fort Buchanan station. The re is
  no use trying to follow ht Indians. Their tracks show that they have
  scattered in small parties in every direction. They numbered
  about seventy or eighty men. February 19, returned via Santa Rita to
  Tubac, found that the corporal in charge of Fort Buchanan and one man
  had reached there. The corporal is shot through the thigh. One private and
  the Mexican boy still missing. Corporal Buckley, who was in charge,
  makes the following statement:

  No signs of Indians for some time back. On the morning of attack one
  men went hunting (he is still missing), and in the afternoon two men
  went, as usual, to cut hay for the horses. I was sitting at the for of the
  house when Indian shot me through the thigh. This was the first
  knowledge we had that the Indians were around. I drew my pistol an shot
  the Indian, at the same time Private Berry shot another. The Indians
  now closed in large numbers (seventy or eighty) round the house, and
  soon had it on fire. We kept them off until the roof began to fall in,
  (cannot tell whether any more Indians were killed or not, for the
  smoke), when I saw that the only chance for saving our lives was to
  force our way through the Indians. We broke from the house amidst a
  shower of arrows, and by showing front to them whenever they got too
  near, kept them off till we got to the hills, when they gave up the
  chase, and we made our way safely to Santa Rita. The two men who
  were cutting hay, hearing the firing at the fort, hastened there, but found
  it surrounded by Indians and on fire; they then went to Santa Rita. None
  of us knew anything of Mr. Wrightson being near.

  JOHN L. MERRIAM,
  Capt., First Calirfornia Cavalry, Commanding Post.


  Source:  Official Records
  PAGE 401-105   OPERATIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST.   [CHAP. LXII.
  [Series I. Vol. 50. Part I, Reports, Correspondence, Etc. Serial No. 105.]

***************************************************************************************


  Report of Col. Oscar M. Brown, First California
  Cavalry, of operations March 31.

  HDQRS.,
  Fort Marcy, N. Mex., April 2, 1865.
  CAPT.: I have the honor to report that, in obedience to verbal
  instructions from the department commander, I proceeded on Friday,
  march 31, to Aqua Fria to learn by actual observation if any Indians had
  crossed the creek near that point within a day or two as currently
  reported. Before reaching the house of Juan Estaban Carrillo, situated
  on the north side of the creek, a trail was pointed out to me, some 400
  or 500 yards south of the village, leading in the direction of the house
  of Mr. Carrillo, and which was stated to be the one referred to. After
  close examination for some distance I found that there were but two
  large tracks and three small ones distinctly visible, but neither appeared
  to be Indians' as the toes, instead of turning inward as the toes of
  Indians invariably do, were either straight or slightly turned out, and the
  moccasin or sandal tracks were different from those usually made by
  Indians. From thence I proceeded to the point of the creek, where the
  trail crossed some 200 or 300 yards below the house of Mr. Carrillo,
  who accompanied me to the spot, and said that eleven Indians had
  crossed there the night of the 29th. Dismounting, I proceeded to
  examine the tract, which I found to be similar to many of those made by children
  and others from Mr. Carrillo's house. The parties making them
  evidently proceeded slowly and carelessly, observing no particular order
  or caution. On inquiry I learned that there were cattle herded some
  distance from that point and in the direction in which the trail
  proceeded. On my return I examined along the road and in the vicinity
  of Aqua Fria and found tracks exactly similar going either way. I also
  saw boys with sandals or bottoms of rawhide to their shoes which made
  identical impressions in the sand with those pointed out as Indians, from
  all of which I became satisfied that no Indians had passed Aqua Fria
  recently. But to set the matter at rest I dispatched Lieut. John
  Abbott, regimental adjutant First California Cavalry, agreeably to the
  direction of the general commanding, with five men and three days'
  rations, to take up the trail and follow it until the question cold be
  definitely settled, as will be seen by the accompanying order and the
  report of Lieut. Abbott, which I have the honor to submit.

  Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  OSCAR M. BROWN,
  Col. First Cavalry California Volunteers, Cmdg.

  Capt. BENJAMIN C. CUTLER,
  Asst. Adjt. Gen., U. S. Vols., Dept. of N. Mex., Santa Fe, N. Mex.

  -----------



  Report of Lieut. John Abbott, First California
  Cavalry, of operations April 1.

  HDQRS.,
  Fort Marcy, N. Mex., April 2, 1865.
  COL.: I have the honor to report that, in obedience to Special
  Orders, No. 27, from these headquarters, dated March 31, 1865
  (a copy of which is inclosed), I proceeded on the morning of the 1st
  instant, with a detachment of five men from the First California
  Cavalry, to Aqua Fria. At that place, near the house of Juan Estaban
  Carrillo, I found the trial (or more correctly) the tracks which were
  supposed to have been made by either Navajoes or Pueblo Indians. I
  followed these tracks directly across the creek and found that the
  supposed Indians had almost immediately taken and followed the road,
  as the tracks were plainly to be seen in the road and on each side of it
  for a distance of about two miles. I also found that the tracks or
  footprints proceedings toward the town were about as numerous as those
  going from it. After following as above the traces of the supposed
  Indians for about two miles the marks became fewer and fainter in and
  near the road till I came to a small arroyo. Here they were again plainly
  visible, going in each direction, up and down. Separating my party, with
  directions to follow the tracks till they found where the Indians had left
  the arroyo and crossed into the valley, I proceeded whit one of the men
  to examine the ground beyond for the purpose of finding any traces
  which the Indians might have made after leaving the arroyo. I cold find
  on the ground beyond (which wad very hard) no traces whatever of
  where the party had left it. Judging from the general direction of the
  tracks going from the town that the party making them had made for the
  canon in the low range of hills directly west from Aqua Fria
  and about southwest from Santa Fe, I crossed the plain or valley, and
  sending two men up the smaller canon proceeded up the larger one with
  the rest. We went through these cannon till the two parties met, and no
  traces whatever having been found in either, although the ground was
  very soft and wet, I felt convinced that no Indians had passed through.
  Retracing my steps again to the plain, I separated the men for a distance
  of about two miles. I tried once more to find the tracks which I had lost
  sight of at the arroyo. After riding across the plain toward the town for
  about three miles we found a large number of cattle grazing, and near
  them one of the men found the footprints. Calling my men together we
  rode on, following and tracing the tracks plainly till we came to the road
  which we had followed going out there. After following them a short
  distance I found that part of the tracks led off from the road. Sending
  once of the men to follow these footprints, I proceeded with the rest to
  ascertain at what point the supposed Indians had entered the town. I
  followed the track across the creek into some fields, about three-quarters
  of a mile to the left of the road opposite the house of the man Juan
  Estaban Carrillo, and there found that the footprints led off directly
  toward his house. At almost the same moment the man whom I sent to
  follow the footprints where they had left the road, came riding toward
  me and reported that he had left the road, came riding toward me and
  reported that he had traced them directly to that house, and from there
  into the field where I then was. The footprints from the house into the
  fields were all in the same direction; from the field across the creek and
  across the valley they were about equally divided, going and coming.
  Among the foot tracks were those of either women or children, and at
  the house I found two boys whose feet were about the size of the
  footprints. All of the tracks both going and coming were about alike. In
  some of them (the smaller ones) they were precisely so. Feeling satisfied
  that I had traced the trail (as the man Carrillo called it) to its source,
  and that n party of hostile Indians would separate so widely and leave
  such evident marks of their passage, nor having passed through the town
  return to it again and go directly to one of the principal houses without
  being seen or leaving some evidence of their presence, I concluded that
  the fears of the party giving the information of the presence of hostile
  Indians had converted his own footprints into those of red men. I
  therefore returned with my men to this post.

  Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  JOHN ABBOTT,
  Second Lieut. and Actg. Adjt. First California Cavalry.

  Col. OSCAR M. BROWN,
  First California Cavalry Volunteers, Commanding Post.


  Source:  Official Records
  PAGE 159-101   LOUISIANA AND THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI.   [CHAP. LX.
  [Series I. Vol. 48. Part I, Reports, Correspondence, Etc. Serial No. 101.]

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  MAY 1-9, 1865.--Scout from Ojo de Anaya, N. Mex.

  Report of Lieut. James J. Billings, First California Cavalry.

  FORT CRAIG, N. MEX., May 10, 1865.
  SIR: I have the honor to report, for the information of the colonel
  commanding this post, that I left this post on the 27th ultimo, under the
  command of Lieut. L. F. Samburn, in pursuance of Special
  Orders, No. 93, dated headquarters, Fort Craig, N. Mex., April
  27, 1865. In pursuance of Special Orders, No. 95, dated
  headquarters, Fort Craig, N. Mex., April 30, 1865, I left the spring Ojo
  de Anaya at about 12 m. on the 1st instant, taking twenty men and ten
  days' rations, and took a northeast course and marched about
  twenty-five miles and camped in the range of mountains east of this
  post, where 1 found plenty of wood and water and good grass. May 2,
  the guide told me it was about thirty miles to the next water. I left camp
  about noon, the guide taking a northeast course for about fifteen miles,
  and then changed the course to southeast. He kept that course till nearly
  sunset, when we came to a large open plain and the White Mountains
  is sight on the opposite side. I concluded it was best for me to cross the
  plain that night, so that I would not be seen by Indians if there were any
  in the vicinity, the guide telling me that he could go so as to find the
  water the next morning. About 11 p. m. we came to a low range of
  black lava rock and found it impossible to cross it, and camped for the
  night without water. Distance, about fifty miles. May 3, left camp at
  daylight, the guide saying it was about five miles to water, taking a
  northeast course for about three hours to the place where the guide
  expected to find water. On arriving at the place we found no water
  there, and then the guide told me he had lost his course by my traveling
  the night before. No one knew where to find water; men and animals
  beginning to suffer for water. I could see snow on the mountains to our
  right; I sent the guide and four men with all the canteens
  in that direction, telling them if they found water to fill the canteens and
  come back and meet the command, I stopping behind to get the men as
  nigh the snow as I could. I was getting them along very well until about
  noon, when the animals began to give out. I then started with all the
  men and animals that could travel for the snow on the mountains. As
  fast as a horse gave out I left the man and horse behind. About 4 p. m.
  we came to the foothills, only four men with me. The guide and the
  four men I sent ahead, for I could see their trail often. About 5 p. m.
  I came up where three of the men were, with all the animals given out,
  and one man had gone on foot to get to the snow. He had not been gone
  but a short time when he returned with the canteens filled with water,
  saying that he had found water about a mile ahead. I gave the animals
  a little water out of the canteens. I arrived at the water at 5.30 with
  three horses and filled all the canteens and started them back with the
  guide, and as fast as a man came into camp his canteen was filled and
  sent back. By that means I got all the men and animals into camp about
  7 p. m. Distance, about thirty-five miles. May 4, 1 sent the guide out
  to find the water he was looking for the day before. He was gone about
  three hours, and came back and reported that he had found water in
  about fourteen miles to the southwest. May 5, left camp about 7 a. m.,
  taking a southwest course, crossing over a point of the mountains, and
  found a large stream of water running west. I followed down the stream
  about ten miles and camped. Distance, about twenty-five miles. I found
  no sign of Indians. May 6, left camp at daylight and took a westerly
  course and arrived at the camp I left on the 2d instant about 5 p. m.
  Distance, about forty miles. May 7, I laid over this day to rest the
  animals. May 8, left camp at 7 a. m. and arrived at the spring Ojo de
  Anaya about 4 p. m. May 9, left camp at 7 a. m. and arrived at the
  river at 1 p. m., when I found that I could not cross my animals, I went
  into camp about one mile below the post, on the opposite side of the
  river.

  Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  JAMES J. BILLINGS,
  Lieut., First California Cavalry.

  Lieut. R. HUDSON,
  Post Adjutant.


  Source:  Official Records
   PAGE 251-101   LOUISIANA AND THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI.   [CHAP. LX.
  [Series I. Vol. 48. Part I, Reports, Correspondence, Etc. Serial No. 101.]

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  MAY 10-19, 1865.--Scout from Fort Sumner, N. Mex.

  Report of Capt. Emil Fritz, First California Cavalry.

  HDQRS.,
  Fort Sumner, N. Mex., May 19, 1865.
  Capt. BEN. C. CUTLER,
  Asst. Adjt. Gen., Dept. of New Mexico, Santa Fe, N. Mex.:

  CAPT.: Inclosed please find the report of Capt. Fritz, who
  returned to this post to-day. The Indians mentioned as being on the Rio
  Salado will be sent for on the 21st instant. I would respectfully suggest
  that a party of troops be ordered to bring in those said to be in the
  mountains east of Albuquerque.

  I am, captain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  WM. MCCLEAVE,
  Maj., First California Cavalry, Cmdg.

  [Inclosure.]

  FORT SUMNER, N. MEX., May 19, 1865.
  LIEUT.: I have the honor to report that I left this post on May
  10, 1865, per Special Orders, No. 57, dated headquarters Fort
  Sumner, N. Mex., May 9, 1865, and proceeded in the direction of Fort
  Bascom to Rio de las Conchas and Chaperita, and from there down the
  Pecos back to Fort Sumner, where I arrived this morning. On my
  first day's march I met three Navajo Indians going to the Bosque,
  returning from hunting on the Llano Estacado. These Indians told me
  that all the Indians (Navajoes) out hunting now on the Llano were
  returning to the Bosque and would all be in in two days. They also told
  me they had seen Comanche signs some twenty miles from the Estacado,
  but only tracks of a few. On my arrival at Fort Bascom on the 12th
  instant I found eleven Navajoes there, who said they had been hunting
  and would return to Fort Sumner on to-morrow. I requested Maj.
  Bergmann, commanding Fort Bascom, to confine them if they did not
  start for their homes next day, and all others that may come near his
  post without passes from the commanding officer at Fort Sumner. I then
  proceeded up the Canadian to the junction of the Concha and followed
  up the latter stream. Saw a great many herds, but no complaints were
  made by any one, although Navajoes had been seen daily up to four or
  five days before my arrival. Some twelve or thirteen were up near the
  Cero Corazon hunting at this time, but I could not find them. I told
  some of the herders to tell them from me to return at once to the
  Bosque, and last night they overtook me and showed me a pass they had
  permitting them to be absent on the Gallinas, near Hatch's Ranch. I met
  one William Booth, major-domo for Mr. Hayes, of Las Vegas, who told
  me that on May 11 he killed a Navajo Indian who was driving off three
  head of cattle. The Indians wounded him first with a rifle-bullet in the
  hand. There were four in all, but the others ran off. I then started for
  the Rio Pecos, and near Gallego's Ranch I found several Navajoes,
  three men and ten women, whom I brought home. Last night at Alamo
  Gordo a Navajo chief came to me and told me that on the Rio Salado,
  about fifty miles from here, there were a great many Navajoes who only
  were waiting for rain in order to go to Canon de Chelly, and that they
  had asked him to go with them, and also that a woman came to his
  camp from mountains this side of Albuquerque (I suppose Sierra
  Pedernal), who said there were three rancherios in those mountains
  waiting for the Indians on the Salado and for rain in order to return to
  their own country.

  Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  EMIL FRITZ,
  Capt., First California Cavalry.

  First Lieut. B. TAYLOR, Jr.,
  Fifth U. S. Infantry, Post Adjutant.


  Source:  Official Records
  PAGE 264-101   LOUISIANA AND THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI.   [CHAP. LX.
  [Series I. Vol. 48. Part I, Reports, Correspondence, Etc. Serial No. 101.]

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  JUNE 13-17, 1865.--Scout from Camp Nichols, N. Mex., with action
  (14th) on the Santa Fe Road.

  Report of Capt. Thomas A. Stombs, First California Cavalry.

  CAMP NICHOLS, N. MEX., June 18, 1865.
  SIR: In obedience to Special Orders, No. 3, dated headquarters
  Camp Nichols, N. Mex., June 12, 1865, Company F, First Cavalry
  California Volunteers, took up the line of march at 7.30 on the morning
  of the 13th, with a command of forty-nine enlisted men as escort to a
  train of seventy ox teams, owned by Semon Baca, and others, all of Las
  Vegas, N. Mex., en route for the State. The company traveled during
  the day to the crossing of the Cimarron, a distance of some thirty-three
  miles from Camp Nichols, having overtake the train (which had left
  Camp Nichols the day previous) about one hour before making camp,
  which we did about 6 p.m. On the morning of the 14th myself and a
  corporal of L Company, First Cavalry New Mexico Volunteers,
  searched the entire train for deserted soldiers from Company L, First
  Cavalry New Mexico Volunteers, and Company H, First New Mexico
  Infantry, supposed to have been with the train, but could find no one
  with it; so, after breakfast, I caused the corporal and four enlisted men
  of his company, in obedience to instructions, to return to Camp Nichols,
  N. Mex. Broke camp at 6 o'clock on the morning of the 14th; traveled
  on until 11.30 o'clock and made camp for the purpose of grazing the
  stock and
  taking our dinners. So far we had not seen the least sign of Indians. Still
  I caused all my horses to be side lined, and posted a strong guard
  around them. At about 2 o'clock we heard an unusual noise, which on
  investigation proved to be a body of mounted Indians (Comanches and
  Kiowas), some forty or fifty strong, who charged into the herd of cattle
  belonging to the advance portion of the train. They lanced one Mexican
  herder, killing him instantly, and wounded another with an arrow. My
  men immediately fell in under arms and commenced firing on them,
  which prevented them from advancing on our herd. After about fifty
  shots had been fired they commenced making a hasty retreat off in the
  same direction from which they came, having succeeded in getting off
  with one loose mule and three ponies belonging to the train. My men
  saddled immediately, commenced giving chase, some thirty of whom
  pursued them about six miles. The remainder of the company (after
  having been peremptorily ordered), with the first sergeant, remained at
  the camp with the forces belonging to the train. Drove in all the stock
  in the corral formed by the wagons, preparing for a strong defense.

  To the best of my judgment we killed or severely wounded some five
  or more of the Indians in the chase, as we compelled them to take that
  number up on front on their horses. They also were compelled to
  abandon the mule they had started with; but before they abandoned it
  they ran him through with a lance, after which we shot it. My company
  did not sustain any injury in any form. We remained at this camp until
  next morning without molestation. The proprietors of the train requested
  me to go through with them to Fort Larned, but in obedience to orders
  could not proceed with them more than five days, when I would have
  been compelled to return; so they proposed to turn back and apply at
  Camp Nichols for an escort to go through to Fort Larned if I would go
  back with them, which I promised to do. So, on the morning of the
  15th, at 8 o'clock, we took up the line of march back to Camp Nichols.
  Camped that night at the crossing of the Cimarron, 4.30 p.m. About
  6.30 some twenty-five Indians made their appearance some two miles
  and a half distant, but soon disappeared. Since then we saw no more
  Indians. On the morning of the 16th we broke camp at 7.30
  o'clock, traveling all day, with flankers out in skirmish line, but saw no
  Indians. Saw a trail, about half way between Cold Springs and Cimarron
  Crossing, of some fifty pony tracks, a few cattle tracks, with some two
  or three moccasin tracks, apparently having been made the day before.
  Made camp at Cold Springs at 4 o'clock on the evening of the 16th.
  Broke camp on the morning of the 17th at 8 o'clock; arrived at Camp
  Nichols about 3.30 o'clock. It is my opinion that had it not been that we
  were with them they would all have been killed, stock run off, and
  wagons destroyed. Such is the opinion of the proprietors themselves. So
  far as I traveled I found grass in abundance, and especially on the
  Cimarron; water plenty. All along the road deep holes in the arroyos
  were full of water from the recent rains that have fallen in this quarter.

  I most respectfully submit the above report.

  Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  THOMAS A. STOMBS,
  Capt. Company F, First Cavalry California Volunteers.

  Col. C. CARSON,
  First New Mexico Cavalry Volunteers.

  
  Source:  Official Records
  PAGE 322-101   LOUISIANA AND THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI.   [CHAP. LX.
  [Series I. Vol. 48. Part I, Reports, Correspondence, Etc. Serial No. 101.]

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  JUNE 15-22, 1865.--Scout from Fort Sumner to the Oscura Mountains,
  N. Mex.

  Report of Maj. Emil Fritz, First California Cavalry.

  FORT CRAIG, N. MEX., June 23, 1865.
  CAPT.: I have the honor to report that I left Fort Sumner on the
  15th instant, per special order from Maj. McCleave, commanding Fort
  Sumner, with Capt. B. F. Fox and forty-five enlisted men of the
  First California Cavalry, in pursuit of Navajo Indians reported to have
  escaped from the reservation. I took the direct route to Fort Stanton;
  saw but one small trail leading south; some fifteen or eighteen horses,
  about fourteen miles from Sumner. At Fort Stanton I drew ten days'
  rations and started for the Oscura Mountains as per agreement with
  Maj. McCleave. I left the Ojo Milagro June 20 at 6 a.m.; crossed the
  Malpais, and in the afternoon at the tanks at the foot of the Oscura
  found an Indian trail. The Indians had used up all the water. I followed
  them up the mountain and found a great many more tracks coming in.
  About 5 p.m. I came up with the rancheria. Captured 4 horses, 1 mule
  and 1 burro, and 1 child about three years old. The Indians all made
  their escape, their camp being in a very rough canon. I destroyed
  everything in the village; broke up some twenty-five boys and a great
  many arrows. The only water I could find was some the Indians had in
  camp, gathered from rocks and a small spring. Not being able to
  procure water for my horses, I started for the Rio Grande at 1 a.m. and
  arrived at San Pedro at 11.30 a.m. June 21. I had to leave both men
  and horses, given out for want of water, but got them all in the
  afternoon by sending them water from San Pedro. Some forty or fifty
  mounted Indians started in the direction of San Andres. The Indians
  evidently suffered from the want of water, as they dug holes in every
  ravine, but without success. In my opinion, it is impossible for a large
  number to cross lower down than the Oscura Mountains, as the whole
  country is dried up and no grass on the prairie. On arriving at San
  Pedro my horses had traveled nearly 100 miles without water. On the
  22d I encamped near La Mesa and reported to Col. Rigg, who has
  ordered me to proceed to La Joya and Abo Pass to-morrow morning. A
  Navajo boy, of the Cebolleta tribe, with me tells me that most of the
  Indians of the village I destroyed belong to Delgaditos Largo's tribe.
  There were from twenty to twenty-two camp-fires, and there must have
  been about eighty or ninety Indians at this camp.

  Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  EMIL FRITZ,
  Maj. First California Cavalry.

  Capt. B. C. CUTLER,
  Asst. Adjt. Gen., Dept. of New Mexico, Santa Fe, N. Mex.


  Source:  Official Records
    PAGE 324-101   LOUISIANA AND THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI.   [CHAP. LX.
  [Series I. Vol. 48. Part I, Reports, Correspondence, Etc. Serial No. 101.]

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  JUNE 26-JULY 6, 1865.--Expedition from Fort Bowie to the Gila
  River, Ariz. Ter., with skirmishes (July 3) at Cottonwood Creek and
  (4th) at Cavalry Canon, Ariz. Ter.

  Report of Lieut. Col. Clarence E. Bennett, First California Cavalry.

  HDQRS.,
  Fort Bowie, Apache Pass, Ariz. Ter., July 6, 1865.
  CAPT.: I have the honor to report that on the 26th of June at 7 p. m.
  I left this post with a command consisting of thirty enlisted men of
  Company L, First Cavalry California Volunteers, ten men of Company
  M, and three of Company F, same regiment. Mr. George Cox, Charles
  Kenyon, and Mr. Dysart, citizens, volunteered to accompany me. I had
  as guides Lojinio, the Apache boy, who so successfully guided Col.
  Davis and Capt. Tidball against the Apaches, and Merehildo, the
  guide at Fort Bowie, both good guides. I started west on the road
  leading out of the pass. Near the mouth of the pass I turned to the right
  on an old Indian trail, and followed along the waist of the Chircicahua
  Range of mountains in the direction of Dos Cabezas. The trail runs over
  very rough ground, passing through canons nearly the whole way.
  Beyond the Dos Cabezas north about three miles I turned northeast
  through the mountains, through a kid of pass over broken hills. About
  five miles in the pass reached a deep canon with wood, water, and grass
  in good quantities. Camped at 4 a. m. on the 27th. Lay over at this
  camp during the day, which was exceedingly hot. Just before dark I
  moved down the canon, which was narrow and very rocky, a bad trail for
  horses, for about two miles. Two horses fell, considerably [injuring]
  their riders. About six miles from first camp I found a little canon in
  which there was cold, clear water of excellent quality, as are all those
  mountain springs and streams. Here I camped. Called it Camp No.
  2. Distance from Fort Bowie twenty-five miles. Waited here for
  darkness, so that emerging into the more open country my command
  would not be discovered by Indians. As soon as it was sufficiently dark
  I resumed the march, trail leading in a northerly direction. Continued
  until about 3 a. m. Halted a short distance from water to go in at dawn
  of day in case it should be used by Indians. Upon halting I found one
  man absent. Last seen he had dismounted to fasten his saddle on more
  securely. I sent back, but failed to find him. At dawn I camped in a
  deep canon. Water obtained by digging in the sand; not in great quantity;
  wood and grass;. Day excessively hot. It was impossible for man or
  beast to procure rest. Lay over at Camp No. 3 the 28th. Distance
  from Cap No. 2 twenty-five miles. Now on the east side of the
  Chiricahua Range in broken hills, and a
  very rough country. As soon as dark on the 28th started on the trail.
  Night rainy with drifting clouds of fog, rendering it very dark, and the
  trail difficult to find. The guides proved their excellence on this and
  similar occasions.

  At 3 a. m. 29th stopped about one mile and a half from cienega. Moved
  on it at dawn hoping to surprise a rancheria, but there had not been a
  track there for more than a week. Distance, thirty miles. Large cienega,
  running water. Remains of brush shanties used by the troops from New
  Mexico last year during the campaign against the Apaches. A portion or
  all the beef-cattle were grazed near this cienega. Encamped in the
  misquote brush during the day, and as soon as dark resumed the march.
  The trail was discoverable with great difficulty. If I had not had the very
  best of guides it would have been impossible for me to have found and
  followed the trail that night. It led into and up one of the worst cannons
  I have ever taken horses through. Persevered until 3 a. m., when I
  encamped. Sent the guides and a detachment to hunt for the rancheria.
  They, after making a thorough reconnaissance, found a large rancheria
  capable of containing between 200 and 300 Indians. It had [been
  deserted] for a week; had no fresh tracks about it. Moved down the
  canon at dawn about three miles and stopped for breakfast. Cold
  mountain stream in a deep canon. Sides nearly perpendicular rendered us
  secure from observation. The distance made during the preceding night
  I estimated at six miles, and I am inclined to believe this is rather over
  than underestimated, but the guides had repeatedly to follow the trail on
  their hands and knees. As I was now within thirty miles of Fort
  Goodwin in a direct line, my horses and mules requiring shoes, some
  of my men being nearly barefoot, and likely to need provisions before
  reaching Fort Bowie, I determined to march directly for Fort Goodwin,
  cutting across the canons near the mouth of each and give a thorough
  reconnaissance as I went. At 9.30 I found a long mark in the sand
  across one of the Indian trails. The guides said that was to indicate
  the Indians had gone to strike northeast for the river. I would then cross
  all trails going toward the mountains that I would pass going to
  Goodwin, and my animals would suffer greatly for water, as the day was
  excessively hot, and they were tired from traveling nearly the whole of
  the previous night. At 12 m. I reached the Gila River about twenty
  miles above Fort Goodwin. I rested two hours, then moved to the
  post that night. My command arrived about 10 p. m. Estimated distance
  by the trails I followed, 120 miles from Fort Bowie to Fort Goodwin,
  but I had been around mountains and into canons considerably out of a
  direct line between the two posts. Upon my arrival at Goodwin I made
  application to the commanding officer to have my horses shod. He
  informed me he had by orders from department headquarters discharged
  his blacksmiths and could not have my horses shod. Fortunately Mr.
  Dysart, who had accompanied this command as a volunteers, was an
  excellent blacksmith, and I hired him to shoe the horses and mules of
  my command, and ordered the acting assistant quartermasters at Fort
  Bowie to pay the account. I remained at Goodwin until the night of the
  2d of July. I set out with four days' subsistence and instructions from
  Gen. Mason, commanding, to push of to Fort Bowie with all
  practicable dispatch. I left Fort Goodwin about 7 op. m.; reached
  Cottonwood Creek, distant twenty-one miles, a t 3 a. m. Found very
  little water in holes in the rock; good grass and wood. Want of water
  compelled me to move on. About 10 a. m. on the 3d found a fresh
  footprint of an Apache hunting. I kept in to the left along the base of the
  mountains as much out of sight as practicable. In about half an hour
  found another track, also hunting, indicating the proximity of rancheria.
  I sent the guides to the top of a mountain to our left. They discovered
  seven bucks going slowly west. I moved on to a deep arroyo,
  dismounted, unpacked, secured the horses well, posted the guard over the
  animals, and crept over the side with the remainder of the command
  into a canon that ran north and south. Moved south until we got below
  the Indians; then moved parallel to them. About six miles from where I
  left the horses I discovered the rancheria. I got my command within about
  200 yards of it behind a high ridge. The rancheria was surrounded by
  a thick growth of scrub oaks, and just at the mouth of three canons. I
  charged from the top of the ridge. The rattling of stones probably
  alarmed the Indians. They fled, leaving everything in the rancheria.
  Every time an Indian was seen in the openings in the oaks he was fired
  on. None were killed that I know of, though it was believed that some
  of the shots took effect. In the rancheria I found a McClellan saddle,
  broken, bridle bits of Government pattern cut down, a hatchet, tin cup,
  and an awl taken from Fort Buchanan at the time of the murder of Mr.
  Wrightson, Mr. Hopkins, and the soldier in February last. Found soldier
  stockings, blouse, large quantity of mescla prepared for food, a brass
  kettle (now in possession of Company L, cavalry), hides of all kinds, a
  great many; large number of old saddles, panniers, &c. I burned the
  rancheria and everything it contained, first putting sand and ashes into
  the cakes of mescal, than put them into the bonfire. As there was a fine
  stream of clear cold water at this place I sent for horses and pack
  animals and made dinner in this canon, which was about forty miles
  from Fort Goodwin, nearly due south from Eureka Springs, and a
  number of miles fro it. This attack could have been, if made at dawn
  of day, a perfect success, but it was impossible for me today that long,
  for the two Apatches hunting would cross my trail on their return before
  night. The squaws and children were out gathering acorns and we
  would be discovered before the next morning. As it proved, the hunters
  discovered the horses just as I charged the rancheria and gave the alarm.
  That the Indians escaped with their lives nobody regrets more than I do.
  After grazing the animals until near sundown I made a thorough
  examination to see that everything was destroyed, then started in the
  direction of Fort Goodwin and continued until after dark. A cold drizzly
  rains in accompanied by a thick fog. I then turned about and followed
  the bade often mountain around to the left, first west, then south in the
  direction of Apache Pass. Marched hard all night on Indian trials. At
  dawn of day approached a large cannon, cottonwood trees extending
  from it far into Sulphur Spring Valley. Rained furiously at times.
  Reached the mouth of canon, and upon crossing it [found] that horses
  running had within ten minutes gone up the canon. I charged on after
  them. About three miles up the canon charged another rancheria, but the
  Indians had been alarmed and were seen in every direction, from 500
  to 1,000 yards, ascending the mountains. A brisk fire was opened, and
  I thought two shots that I particularly noticed took effect. This was the
  notorious Francisco's band. He made his appearance on the mountain
  and abused everybody; declared he never would make peace with the
  whites, and said the Apaches did not intend to. I then moved down the
  canon, which I called Cavalry
  Canon, into the plain. About six miles below the canon I found twenty-seven
  head of cattle. The Indians herding had discovered my and run up
  on the opposite side of the cottonwoods and gave the alarm. It was nearly
  dark by the time the cattle had been got together. I moved out into the
  plain, killed one of the cattle for my command, grazed the animals,
  and got supper. This canon is a rendezvous for the Indians, heavy trails
  leading to it. A great deal of stock has been kept there, and those
  mountains in that vicinity are the permanent home for a number of
  hundred warriors.

  At dark on the 4th of July I started with the cattle nearly direct for the
  Dos Cabezas. Distance preceding night, twenty-five miles. I traveled
  until 3.30 a. m. July 5; rested until 5 a. m., then continued on, and at
  2.30 p. m. arrived at Camp No. 2, crossing this time from the west
  to the east, going southeast my object was to show the mountains to my
  men so they would know them, particularly as Company L was to be
  stationed at Fort Bowie, and also to see which side of the mountains was
  preferable in going southeast. My object was to show the mountains to
  my men so they would know them, particularly as Company was to the
  stationed at Fort Bowie, and also to see which side of the mountains was
  preferable in going from Fort Bowie to the Dos Cabezas. At dark I
  resumed the march, having marched thirty-five miles to Camp
  No. 2. Traveled until 12 o'clock. My men and horses were
  exhausted. I stopped until daylight. Moved into the fort in the morning.
  Distance from Camp No. 2, twenty-five miles. Turned over
  twenty-six head of cattle to Lieut. Thomas Coghlan, First Infantry
  New Mexico Volunteers, acting commissary of subsistence at Fort
  Bowie. It was rainy during my trip, and the ground being soft I made a
  deep, well-defined trail. The men learned the mountains, as I made a
  thorough reconnaissance of the Chiricahua Range between Apache Pass
  and Goodwin. The men performed their duty cheerfully and well, and
  were enthusiastic to be kept on this service of hunting and punishing
  these long-time murderers. The numerous trails well beaten, lately
  used, leading through the passes and into the many canons, indicate a
  large number of Indians. The cartridges, made of envelope paper, issued
  to the men of my command would break, and finally it became
  necessary at each halt to replace broken cartridges. The average loss
  from this cause was from one to four per man a day. The large
  cartridge-boxes. The cloth cartridges do not break in carrying; none have
  thus far. The McClellan saddles in the heavy rain-storms [were
  damaged]. The rawhide soaked and became slack, the wood swelled,
  and many of the saddles spread and hurt the backs of horses. The hot
  sun drying the rawhide rapidly over the swelled wood cracked the
  rawhide. The saddles are old and well worn, and will many of them
  have to be replaced by new ones. On such a trip the wear and tear on
  clothing is very great. On my return the distance from Fort Goodwin to
  Fort Bowie [was] 125 miles, but not a few miles of this was out of the
  direct line of march. The trail from Fort Bowie to Dos Cabezas is far
  preferable on the east side of the mountains. In my opinion, vigorous
  efforts should be made to annihilate the bands of Cohise and Francisco
  and the other Indians infesting those mountains west of Fort Goodwin.
  On this scout I took every possible precaution to insure success, and
  under the circumstances I think I did as well as possibly could have
  been done. I of winter is upon them. Housed in the canons with their
  winter stores, then they cannot escape so easily. The deep snows and
  bitter cold on the mountains will be far different from this pleasant
  summer breeze. The trails that I followed as a general thing were
  excellent.

  I trust the results will be satisfactory to the general commanding the
  district.

  I have to honor to be, captain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  CLARENCE E. BENNETT,
  Lieut. Col. First Cavalry California Volunteers, Cmdg.

  Capt. JOHN GREEN,
  Asst. Adjut. Gen., U. S . Vols., Hdqrs. District of Arizona.


  Source:  Official Records
  PAGE 415-105   OPERATIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST.   [CHAP. LXII.
  [Series I. Vol. 50. Part I, Reports, Correspondence, Etc. Serial No. 105.]

****************************************************************************************


  JULY 10-21, 1865.--Expedition from Fort Bowie to Maricopa Wells, Ariz. Ter.

  Report of Lieut. Col. Clarence E. Bennett, First California Cavalry.

  MARICOPA WELLS, ARIZ. TER., July 21, 1865.
  CAPT.: I have the honor to report that in compliance with the orders
  of Gen. J. S . Mason, commanding District of Arizona, I left Fort
  Bowie, Ariz. Ter., to examine, measure, and report upon the wagon
  route via Croton Spring, Fort Breckinridge to Maricopa Wells. I left Fort
  Bowie, Apache Pass, Ariz. Ter., at 4 a. m. on the 10th of July, 1865.
  Followed the old overland road to Ewell's Station. Road is over rolling
  hills nearly the whole distance. Camped near the station. Distance 13
  miles 887 feet. Sent the animals in the direction of Dos Cabezas for
  water, three miles distant, and but little of it. At 6 p. m. resumed the
  march nearly west, across an alkali plain. At 12 o'clock found miry
  ground and had to await daylight before going to Croton Spring. At
  daylight on 11th moved up to Sulphur Spring, or Croton, as it is better
  known. Distance from Ewell's Station 11 miles 3,540 feet. At 3 p. m.
  left Croton Spring. Went nearly south three-quarters of a miles, then
  west about two miles and a half. Roads fork. Took right-hand fork. At
  7 p. m. had to stop and wedge on wagon tire. Distance from Croton
  Spring 10 miles 4,039 2/3 feet. Resumed the march at 9.45 p. m. Tire
  broke. Distance 4 miles 13 3/10 feet. Immediately sent an express back
  to Fort Bowie for another wagon, two days' forage, and rations. Camped
  in a little arroyo. Bad place for Indians. Road good up tothis point. July
  12, lay over awaiting wagon. Rained hard, furnishing water in rocks for
  men and animals. Fresh tracks of Indians found of twelve or thirteen
  bucks on one trail. July 13, laid over until 3 p. m. Wagon arrived with
  an escort of Company L, First California Cavalry Volunteers. The
  escort started back, having brought an extra wheel, and I immediately
  moved on toward the San Pedro. Every possible precaution was taken
  to guard against being surprised by Indians. The road was over rolling
  hills and then descends to the San Pedro, a steady descent of between
  four and five miles-a hard pull for teams laden going east. Reached the
  San Pedro Valley at evening. Lost all traces of the road. Worked my
  way about one mile and a half down the river and camped ;for the night.
  Distance from broken-wagon wheel camp 9 miles 5, 188 feet. Quails in
  great numbers near this camp. July 14, marched at 6 a. m. Moved at
  12 m. Second camp 10 miles 859 1/2 feet. At 1.30 p. m. moved on.
  Worked on. Sun terribly hot. Filled up gullies and arroyos and cut
  through brush. Made 4 miles 3,160 feet. Then had to cut eighty yards
  to the river through driftwood and brush. Third camp, and a bad one,
  surrounded by brush. July 15, marched at 5 a. m. Had to cut four miles
  through thick brush. Day very hot. Camped at 12. Mules nearly tired
  out. Fourth camp 8 miles 5,209 feet. At 1 p. m. moved on; road had to
  be worked in places. Fifth camp on San Pedro, 9 miles 105 feet. Found
  a trail of nearly 100 Indians. Lojinio says it is a war party, and they
  have killed some one, and an open question whether they will attack us.
  Trail going in the direction of Arivaypa Canon. Left camp on 16th at 6 a.
  m. Road generally good. Worked at times. Fine bottom land along the
  San Pedro. Rained hard. Kept on. Arrived at Fort Breckinridge at 3 p.
  m. Distance 24 miles 4,163 feet. Road good. Saw plenty of Indian
  tracks. Had rather seen their bones. T he valley of the San Pedro, like the
  Santa Cruz, opens out in a series of fine valleys; rich gaming land;
  some of the richest land I ever saw. One of the cavalry houses snagged.

  July 17, Monday, crossed the San Pedro at this post at 6 a. m. Work
  commenced. Ran up a canon southwest. Very heavy sand. Narrow
  canon; sides rocky and nearly perpendicular. Two miles and a half
  came to a large walnut tree on the right side of the canon. Here leave
  this canon, turn to the right and follow up a canon west. Deep sand and
  the heat in these canons can be properly appreciated only by traversing
  them in midsummer. Distance to top of divide, 10
  miles and 80 feet. Road gradually descends over gravelly ground.
  About three miles from top of ridge water to the left of road abut one
  mile distant. Large bowlders. At the water is one large cottonwood tree.
  Dug in the sand about 100 feet below this tree and got water. Distance
  from Breckinridge, 13 miles 3,005 feet. Good grama grass. Rolling hills
  around. Few Indian tracks. July 18, Tuesday, left lone cottonwood 5 a.
  m. Entered a canon and traveled down it. Heavy sand for the last
  thirteen miles. At its mouth came out into a small flat and about as
  uninviting a section of country as can be found. Here turn to the right
  and go down a canon toward the Gila for water. Distance to the middle
  of this flat, 23 miles 3,611 feet. Started down to water on the old wagon
  road. Broke the odometer. About three miles and a half came to the
  water, after going down a canon all the way of the very heaviest sand,
  and to make it worse it was terribly hot. Found the water stagnant,
  green, strong of alkali, and unfit for man or beast. Cleaned out the
  water holes and waited from 1 to 5 p. m. for water to drizzle in. Got
  three-fourths of a bucket of water for each of the mules, none for the
  horses, and started up this canon to the turning-off point. Continued in
  a westerly direction. Road fine, gravelly. Halted at 3 a. m. until
  daylight, then moved to the Gila. Estimated distance twenty-five
  miles. Camped at White's ranch at 7 a. m. 19th. Fed the animals
  cornstalks. Watered them three times in six hours. At 5 p. m. left camp.
  Road good down the Gila. Reached Sacaton Station at 11.30 p. m.
  Found Capt. Ledyard encamped there. Rested until 1 a. m. Moved
  forward to the Pimas. Estimated distance from White's ranch, thirty
  miles. Laid over July 20, Thursday, a t White's Mill. Drew grain for
  horses and mules for 20th and 21st and hay for one day. July 21,
  Friday, started the command at 6 a. m. for Maricopa. Arrived at 10 a.
  m. and encamped. Distance twelve miles. Distance from Fort Bowie to
  Maricopa Wells via Fort Breckinridge and Croton Spring, 211 miles
  2,220 feet. Distance from Croton Spring to Maricopa Wells via
  Breckinridge, 186 miles 3,173 feet. Distance from Breckinridge to
  Maricopa Wells, 104 miles 1,338 feet. The alkali plain east of Croton
  Spring I think will be found impassable in wet weather, as well as
  portions of the San Pedro Valley above Breckinridge. I had twelve
  cavalry, and considering the Indian trails I passed, the numerous Indian
  tracks, indicating the close proximity of large numbers of Indians, in
  getting through safe I consider I did very well. The road should be cut
  out and a good one made up the San Pedro Valley as soon as
  circumstances will permit. My men were on guard every night. Worked
  hard during the day, and this cheerfully. Every precaution was taken
  against Indians. This forced me to camp early enough to get through
  cooking to have the fires all out before dark. Carbines, pistols, and
  ammunition were put every night in readiness for a fight before the
  morning. No fires were lighted until it was fairly day and it had been
  determined no Indians were in ambush. The same complaint I have to
  make on this trip in reference to the cartridges. They will break up in
  the boxes when carried on horseback. New saddles are needed. One
  cavalry horse died the night of the 16th at Fort Breckinridge. The
  road via Tucson I consider preferable for freighting to Forts Bowie and
  Goodwin.

  I have the honor to be, captain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

  CLARENCE E. BENNETT,
  Lieut. Col. First Cavalry California Volunteers, Cmdg.

  Capt. JOHN GREEN, U. S. Volunteers,
  Assistant Adjutant-Gen., Hdqrs. District of Arizona.


  Source:  Official Records
  PAGE 421-105   OPERATIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST.   [CHAP. LXII.
  [Series I. Vol. 50. Part I, Reports, Correspondence, Etc. Serial No. 105.]


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